NREMT® Paramedic > EMT-P (4) Medical > Hematologic and Immunologic Emergencies > Flashcards

Hematologic and Immunologic Emergencies Flashcards

Explore the Hematologic and Immunologic responses and the prehospital emergencies within (39 cards)

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1
Q

How much of blood is plasma?

A

55%

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2
Q

Define:

erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

RBC

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3
Q

Define:

leukocytes

A

White blood cells

WBC

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4
Q

Define:

thrombocytes

A

Platelets

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5
Q

Where does the production of RBCs occur?

A

Within stem cells inside the bone marrow.

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6
Q

What is Hematocrit?

A

Proportion of RBCs in the blood.

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7
Q

What is the function of WBCs?

A

Provides immunity against foreign invaders.

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8
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Initiates clot formation after an injury.

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9
Q

Define:

Hemostasis

A

The process of hemorrhage control within the body.

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10
Q

Where are clotting factors produced?

A

liver

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11
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A
  • Filters RBCs.
  • Produces lymphocytes.
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12
Q

Describe:

ABO system of blood

A
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13
Q

What is the clotting cascade?

A

The body’s pathway to form fibrin.

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14
Q

What are coagulopathies?

A

Bleeding disorders

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15
Q

Define:

Sickle Cell Disease

A

Sickle shaped RBCs make poor carriers for oxygen.

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16
Q

What is an aplastic crisis?

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A

A condition in which the bone marrow temporarily stops producing red blood cells.

17
Q

What is Hemolytic crisis?

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A

Acute RBC destruction.

18
Q

Define:

Splenic Sequestration Crisis

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A

Painful acute enlargement of spleen, caused by sickle cells within the spleen blocking blood from leaving the organ.

19
Q

Define:

anemia

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A

Hemoglobin or RBC level lower than normal.

20
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of iron deficiency anemia?

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A
  • SOB
  • fatigue
  • weakness
21
Q

Define:

Leukemia

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A

Cancer of the blood-forming tissues characterized by abnormal or excessive production of WBCs.

Type of cancer of the lymphoid system.

22
Q

What are Lymphomas?

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A

Malignant diseases that arise in the lymphoid system.

2 types:

  • Non-Hodgkin
  • Hodgkin

23
Q

What is the difference between Non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphoma?

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A
  • Non-Hodgkin:
    • Can arise in any lymph node throughout the body.
    • More common in older adults.
    • More prevalent overall.
  • Hodgkin:
    • Typically begins in the neck, armpit, or chest.
    • More common in younger adults.
    • Less prevalent.
24
Q

Define:

polycythemia

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A

Over abundance of RBCs.

May occur secondary to chronic hypoxia, CHF, or polycythemia vera.

25
# Define: Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation | DIC
A condition that causes **excessive bleeding and hemorrhage** due to **loss of clotting factors**.
26
What **clotting factors** are involved in **Hemophilia**?
* VIII * IX
27
# Define: Multiple Myeloma
Increased production of plasma cells forms **tumors** in the bones.
28
# Define: Transfusion-Related Lung Injury | TRALI
Acute lung injury characterized by **non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema** following blood transfusion.
29
List possible **transfusion reactions**.
* hemolytic * febrile * allergic * Transfusion-Related Lung Injury * circulatory overload * infection
30
# Define: allergen
Substances that produce an **allergic response**.
31
# Define: antibody
**Protein** produced by the immune system in response to an antigen.
32
# Define: antigen
**Foreign substance** that triggers an immune response by **stimulating antibody production**.
33
# Define: Lupus
Multisystem Autoimmune Disease
34
# Define: Scleroderma
**Autoimmune disease** that causes **hardening of connective tissues**.
35
# Define: Cellular Immunity
**Production of special WBCs** to defend against invaders.
36
# Define: Humoral Immunity
**Production of antibodies** that attack invading organisms.
37
Name the **four routes of entry** for allergens.
* injection * absorption * inhalation * ingestion
38
# Define: acquired immunity
Immunity developed after exposure to a vaccine, allowing the body to **produce antibodies without experiencing the disease**.
39
# Define: natural immunity
The body is **affected** by a virus and **builds its own immunity** to future invasions.
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