1
Q
What is the primary function of the nervous system?
A
To coordinate and regulate the body’s activities by transmitting signals between different parts of the body.
2
Q
What are the components of the two main parts of the nervous system?
A
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord.
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Sensitive and motor nerves, and autonomic nervous system.
CNS is crucial for processing information, and PNS helps convey impulses to execute actions.
3
Q
What are the three main parts of the brain and what is their primary function?
A
- Cerebrum: Process all complex exterior stimuli and execute decision-making and behavior.
- Cerebellum: Helps in muscle control, balance, coordination, and motor-related learning.
- Brainstem: Control important functions related to homeostasis and survival, like breathing and heart rate.
Every party is connected and related to each other.
4
Q
What is the function and structure of the spinal cord?
A
- Function: Carries sensitive motor and autonomic information between the body and the brain.
- Structure: It has 31 nerves and 3 layers.
5
Q
How is the autonomic nervous system structured, and what are its functions?
A
- Function: Controls processes not under conscious control, like heart rate and digestion.
- Structure: It is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
6
Q
What roles do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems play?
A
- Sympathetic: It is activated during stress and prepares the body to respond to threats (fight or fly response).
- Parasympathetic: It promotes relaxation and digestion after eating (relax and digest response).
7
Q
What are the major parts of the circulatory system?
A
- Heart
- Blood
- Blood vessels
Heart: Pumps blood around the body through blood vessels.
Blood: Transport of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products.
Blood vessels: Transport and distribution of oxygen and blood flow.
8
Q
What are the components of blood and their functions?
A
- Red blood cells (erythrocytes): carry oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide to lungs.
- White blood cells (leukocytes): primary action cells of the immune (defense) system.
- Platelets (thrombocytes): initiate and maintain healthy coagulation.
- Plasma: carry nutrients, water, and hormones to cells.
Blood is a fluid tissue composed of these cells suspended in plasma.
9
Q
What are the three major types of blood vessels?
A
- Arteries
- Veins
- Capillaries
The three major types are connected to each other.
Arteries: carry oxygenated blood.
Veins: carry deoxygenated blood.
Capillaries: facilitate exchange of nutrients and waste at microscopic level.
10
Q
What are some major functions of the circulatory system?
A
- Delivering oxygen.
- Removing carbon dioxide.
- Transporting essential nutrients.
- Removing waste products.
- Protecting from infection.
- Facilitating blood clotting.
- Transporting hormones.
- Maintaining homeostasis.
These functions support other organ systems to perform effectively.
11
Q
What health conditions can affect the circulatory system?
A
- Atherosclerosis
- High blood pressure
- Angina
- Arrhythmia
- Blood clots
These conditions can be life-threatening.
12
Q
What constitutes the human vascular system, and how is it structured?
A
A collection of organs, nodes, and vessels that function to move blood and lymph throughout the body.
It has three major components:
- Cardiovascular system
- Pulmonary system
- Lymphatic system
It is also known as the circulatory system.
13
Q
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
A
- Collects excess fluid.
- Absorbs fats in the intestines.
- Collaborates with the immune system.
- Removes waste products.
The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance and immunity.
14
Q
How does blood flow through the human heart and circulate throughout the body?
A
- Oxygen-poor blood enters the right atrium collected by veins.
- Flows to the right ventricle, is pumped to the lungs for oxygenation.
- Returns to the left atrium, flows into the left ventricle.
- Oxygenated blood is pumped out to the body by arteries.
15
Q
What are the two types of bone marrow and what are their primary function?
A
- Red marrow: localized mainly in spongy (cancellous) bones or flat bones and produces blood cells.
- Yellow marrow: Localized mainly in the diaphyseal portion or the shaft of long bones, and stores fat.
16
Q
What is the definition of anemia?
A
A lower than normal number of red blood cells.
It can be caused by blood loss or nutrient deficiencies, and as a consequence, oxygen cannot get to where needed.
17
Q
What is the primary function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
A
To store and transport oxygen, allowing the cells to carry more oxygen from the lungs into the blood.
The main function of red blood cells is dependent on hemoglobin.
18
Q
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
A
To bring air into the body, oxygenate the blood, remove waste, and expel it to the outside environment.
19
Q
Identify the main parts of the respiratory system and their functions.
A
- Mouth: Connects the pharynx to the nose.
- Nose: Filters the primary entrance of air to the body.
- Pharynx: Connects the nose to the larynx.
- Larynx: Produces voice through vocal cords.
- Trachea: Connects larynx with bronchi.
- Bronchi: Main airways entering the lungs.
- Bronchioles: Small branched airways ending in alveoli.
- Alveoli: Little sacs where oxygen exchange takes place.
- Lungs: Organ that contains bronchioles and alveoli.
20
Q
What is the role of the diaphragm in the respiratory system?
A
It separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
It is the main respiratory muscle, and when contracted, the thoracic cavity expands, creating a vacuum that allows air to be sucked into the lungs.
21
Q
Fill in the blank:
The _______ contains vocal cords that help produce sounds.
A
Larynx
22
Q
What is the function of the epiglottis?
A
It prevents food from entering the trachea.
It directs food into the esophagus during swallowing.
23
Q
Define:
Heart Rate
A
The number of beats the heart makes per minute, measured in beats per minute (bpm).
The normal resting range is between 60 to 100 bpm.
24
Q
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
A
- Cardiac muscle
- Skeletal muscle
- Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle: Found in heart and responsible for pumping blood through the body.
Skeletal muscle: Voluntary movement of the body and heat generation.
Smooth muscle: Primarily found in hollow organs and system like digestive, urinary and vascular systems.
25
Which *two proteins* are essential for muscle cell contraction?
* Actin
* Myosin
## Footnote
These proteins are arranged in tubules called myofibrils.
26
# Fill in the blank:
The distinct red color of many skeletal muscles is due to the presence of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
myoglobin
## Footnote
Myoglobin binds to oxygen, storing it for local use during high muscle activity.
27
What are the three layers of **connective tissue** in a muscle?
* Endomysium
* Perimysium
* Epimysium
## Footnote
Each layer has specific functions in supporting muscle fibers and fascicles.
28
How is the *strength* of a muscle contraction measured?
Using a **force transducer** that translates output force into voltage.
## Footnote
This measurement helps researchers analyze individual muscle force.
29
What are the two main types of **muscle contractions** and provide an example of each one?
* **Isotonic contraction**
* The muscle actively changes length and maintains tone.
* *Example*: Biceps curl
* **Isometric contraction**
* The muscle maintains length, but tone (tension) increase.
* *Example*: Holding an object out from the body.
30
What are the two types of **isotonic contractions**?
* Eccentric contractions
* Concentric contractions
## Footnote
**Eccentric contractions**: Muscles lengthen but maintain the same tension.
**Concentric contractions**: Muscles shorten while maintaining tension.
31
# Fill in the blank:
Muscle cells use \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to produce **ATP** quickly on demand.
Creatine Phosphate
| (CP)
## Footnote
CP is a stable storage form of inorganic phosphate.
32
What happens to **muscle fibers** *after* exercise?
Satellite cells repair and **increase the size** of muscle fibers.
## Footnote
This process contributes to muscle growth.
33
What are the main types of **muscle fibers** and their characteristics?
* Type I (**slow oxidative**) fibers: slow aerobic metabolism and sustained contraction with low tension
* Type IIa (**fast oxidative**) fibers: fast aerobic metabolism and sustained contraction with high tension.
* Type IIx (**fast glycolytic**) fibers: fast anaerobic metabolism and capable of fast and high-tension contractions.
## Footnote
Type IIx are also refered to as Type llb fibers.
34
What is the primary function of a **lever system** in the human body and how is it composed?
* **Function**: To produce a mechanical advantage.
* It is composed of:
* **Lever** (bone)
* **Pivot/Fulcrum** (joint)
* **Effort** (muscle contraction)
* **Load** (weight or body part moved)
## Footnote
Mechanical advantage refers to turning a small force into a larger force or movement.
35
What are the three types of **lever systems**, and how are their parts arranged?
* **1st class**: Effort, Fulcrum, Load (EFL)
* **2nd class**: Effort, Load, Fulcrum (ELF)
* **3rd class:** Fulcrum, Effort, Load (FEL)
36
What is the *medical definition* of **articulation**?
The site of close approximation of two or more bones; **a joint**.
37
What are the three main types of **joints**?
* Synarthroses
* Amphiarthroses
* Diarthroses
## Footnote
**Synarthroses**: Joints that don’t move at all. These joints provide structural support.
**Amphiarthroses**: Joints with limited movement that give a mix of stability and some motion.
**Diarthroses**: Joints that can move freely in most directions. These joints allow the most movement.
38
Provide an example for each functional type of joint: **synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis**.
* **Synarthroses**: The joints in the skull.
* **Amphiarthroses**: Junction between ribs and sternum, symphysis pubis, and vertebrae of the spine
* **Diarthroses**: Shoulder, knee, elbow, and wrist.
39
What is the **anatomic position**?
A person stands with arms at their side and palms facing forward.
## Footnote
This position is used as a baseline for describing movements and relations between body parts.
40
Identify the main **primary movements** of the body parts and joints.
* Flexion
* Extension
* Abduction
* Adduction
* Circumduction
* Eversion
* Inversion
## Footnote
**Flexion**: decrease in the angle of the joint
**Extension**: increase in the angle of the joint
**Abduction**: movement of limb away from midline
**Adduction**: movement of limb towards the midline
**Circumduction**: circular movement of a joint using a combination of other angular movements such that the distal limb describes a circle
**Eversion**: movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane
**Inversion**: movement of the sole of the foot towards the median plane
41
How are the **origin** and **insertion** of a muscle defined?
* **Origin**:
* The site where bone and muscle are attached, but do not move during contraction, usually the proximal attachment.
* *Example*: clavicle for sternocleidomastoids.
* **Insertion**:
* The site where bone and muscle are attached and move during contraction, usually the distal attachment.
* *Example*: Humerus for pectoralis major.
42
What are the two main groups of **human bones** in the body?
* Axial skeleton
* Appendicular skeleton
## Footnote
**Axial skeleton**: bones found along the central axis traveling down the center of the body.
**Appendicular skeleton**: bones that attach (append) to the axial skeleton, limb bones.
43
What is the primary function of the **erector spinae muscles**?
Extension of the vertebral column and maintenance of good posture.
## Footnote
The erector spinae muscles are innervated by spinal nerves.
44
What muscles make up the **spinal erector muscles**?
| (SEM)
* **Superficial SEM**: Spinalis, longissimus and Iliocostalis muscles
* **Deep SEM:** Quadratus lumborum and multifidus
## Footnote
These muscles help extend the neck and vertebral column.
45
What causes **lower back pain** related to the erector spinae muscles?
Weakness, injury, or inflammation of these muscles.
## Footnote
Many of these muscles are small and susceptible to injury.
46
What are the main **muscles of the trunk** and their primary functions?
* **Pectoral muscles**: serratus, major and minor pectoralis
* **Intercostal muscles**: internal, external, and innermost
* **Abdominal muscles**: external and internal oblique and rectus abdominis
## Footnote
These muscles help keep the body erect and assist in sitting and standing.
47
Which muscle is located on top of the **shoulder joint**?
Deltoid
## Footnote
The deltoid is a large, triangular-shaped muscle that gives the shoulder most of its shape.
48
What are the four **rotator cuff muscles**?
* Supraspinatus
* Infraspinatus
* Teres minor
* Subscapularis
## Footnote
These muscles also stabilize the shoulder joint by holding the head of the humerus in place.
**Supraspinatus**: initiation of abduction of arm to 15°.
**Infraspinatus**: external rotation of arm.
**Teres minor**: external rotation and adduction of arm.
**Subscapularis**: internal rotation of arm.
49
Identify the main bones and joints of the **upper limb**.
50
What are the main muscles of the **upper arm**?
* **Anterior**: biceps brachii, coracobrachialis and brachialis muscles
* **Posterior**: triceps brachii muscle
## Footnote
The anterior muscles are arm flexors while the posterior muscle is arm extensor.
51
What condition is most frequently **associated with overuse** of the forearm, wrist, and hand region?
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
## Footnote
This condition involves compression of the median nerve.
52
Which muscle is the largest and most superficial of the **gluteal muscles**?
Gluteus Maximus
## Footnote
The gluteus maximus provides most of the volume and shape of the buttocks.
53
What are the three main groups of **thigh muscles**?
* **Hamstring muscles:** Located in the posterior compartment. They enable hip extension, allowing the leg to move backward.
* **Quadriceps muscles:** Located in the anterior compartment. They facilitate hip flexion and knee extension.
* **Adductor muscles:**Located in the medial compartment. They enable the thighs to move towards each other.
54
Identify the main segments, joints and bones of the **lower extremity**?
## Footnote
The femur is one of the longest bones in the human body.
55
What distinguishes **tendons** from **ligaments**, and what are their functions?
**Tendons** attach muscles to bones, enabling movement, while **ligaments** connect bones to other bones, providing joint stability.
56
Which muscle is **primarily** responsible for the function of the calf?
Gastrocnemius
## Footnote
It causes plantar flexion at the ankle.
57
How is **connective tissue** defined, and what is its primary function?
It is a type of tissue that **supports, connects, binds and protects** other tissues and organs in the body.
58
What is **bone tissue** primarily composed of?
A hard, mineralized form of **calcium phosphate**.
## Footnote
Bone tissue also contains mature bone cells called osteocytes.
59
What are the main types of **connective tissue** and their functions?
* **Cartilage**: Provide cushioning between joints and flexible support.
* **Bone**: Provide rigid support and protection.
* **Loose connective tissue**: To provide cushioning and filling in areas between organs.
* **Adipose tissue**: Store energy, regulate temperature, and endocrine regulation.
* **Dense connective tissue**: Provide strong connections between other organs.
* **Fluid tissue (blood)**: Provide oxygen, nutrients, and immune function.
60
What are the two types of **adipose tissue**?
* Brown adipose tissue
* White adipose tissue
## Footnote
**Brown adipose tissue**: helps maintain body temperature.
**White adipose tissue**: acts as an insulator and energy source.
61
What are the main functions of **white blood cells (leukocytes)**?
* Fight infections.
* Remove cancerous cells.
* Remove dead cells.
## Footnote
White blood cells play a critical role in the immune response.
62
What are **fasciae**, and how are they classified?
Fibrous connective tissues that **connect muscles and organs** to each other.
* **Superficial and deep fasciae**: Surrounds muscles, blood vessels, bones, and nerves.
* **Parietal and visceral fasciae**: Anchor internal organs in body cavities.
63
What are the three types of **cartilage**, their functions, and their locations?
* **Elastic cartilage:**
* Provides flexibility and support.
* *Found in*: ear (external ear) and epiglottis.
* **Hyaline cartilage:**
* Reduces friction and absorbs shock.
* *Found in*: joints (articular cartilage), nose.
* **Fibrocartilage:**
* Offers strength, rigidity and withstands compression.
* *Found in*: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, meniscus.
64
What are the two types of **bone tissue**?
* Spongy (cancellous) bone
* Compact (cortical) bone
## Footnote
**Spongy (cancellous) bone**: light, porous bone enclosing numerous large spaces of bone marrow; found at the end of long bones and plane bones.
**Compact (cortical) bone**: Dense, strong, and heavy; found in the shafts of long bones.
65
# Fill in the blank:
**Osteoporosis** is a condition characterized by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Brittle and fragile bones due to loss of tissue.
## Footnote
Osteoporosis can result from hormonal changes or deficiencies in calcium or vitamin D.
66
What are the five types of **bone shapes**?
* Long bones
* Short bones
* Flat bones
* Irregular bones
* Sesamoid bones
## Footnote
**Long bones**: Support weight and facilitate movement.
**Short bones**: Provide stability and movement.
**Flat bones**: Protect internal organs.
**Irregular bones**: Complex shape, not fitting the others.
**Sesamoid bones**: Bones embedded in tendons, prevent stress and wear.
67
What is the importance of the **epiphyseal plate**?
It allows for **elongation of the bone** until adulthood.
## Footnote
The epiphyseal (growth) plate is visible in adolescents and indicates ongoing bone growth.
68
Identify the main parts and segments of a **long bone**.
69
Identify the bones of the **skull**.
70
What is the function and structure of the **vertebral column**?
* It **protects the spinal cord** and supports the trunk.
* It is made up of 33 vertebrae:
* **Cervical spine**: 7 vertebrae
* **Thoracic spine**: 12 vertebrae
* **Lumbar spine**: 5 vertebrae
* **Sacrum**: 5 fused vertebrae
* **Coccyx**: 4 fused vertebrae
71
How many pairs of ribs are in the **ribcage**?
Twelve pairs of ribs.
## Footnote
Comprised of true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs.
72
Identify the main terms of **direction and position** related to human body.
## Footnote
These terms facilitate precise communication among healthcare professionals.
73
What are the six types of **synovial joints**?
* Hinge
* Condyloid
* Saddle
* Planar
* Pivot
* Ball and Socket
74
What are the four specific structures of **synovial joints**?
* Joint capsule
* Synovial liquid
* Synovial membrane
* Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
Decks in class (11)
# Cards
-
Deck 1.1 Core Concepts138
-
Deck 1.2 Core Concepts74
-
Deck 1.3 Core Concepts68
-
Deck 2. Student Growth and Development66
-
Deck 3. Management and Motivation111
-
Deck 4. Communication33
-
Deck 5. Planning and Instruction92
-
Deck 6. Student Assessment86
-
Deck 7. Collaboration35
-
Deck 8. Reflection20
-
Deck 9. Technology20
