CSET Life Sciences > Plant Systems: Growth, Reproduction, and Classification > Flashcards

Plant Systems: Growth, Reproduction, and Classification Flashcards

Explore how plants grow, reproduce, and are classified based on their structures, lifecycles, and reproductive methods. (122 cards)

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1
Q

What defines a plant?

A

Organisms that are photosynthetic, eukaryotic, and have cell walls.

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2
Q

What are the two broad classifications of plants?

A
  • Vascular plants
  • Nonvascular plants

Vascular plants contain xylem and phloem, while nonvascular plants do not.

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3
Q

In plant cells, what is a cell wall composed of?

A

Cellulose

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4
Q

What are the three main groups of nonvascular plants?

A
  • Mosses
  • Liverworts
  • Hornworts
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5
Q

What are rhizoids in nonvascular plants?

A

Little hairs that help anchor the plant.

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6
Q

What are examples of vascular plants?

A
  • Trees
  • Grasses
  • Shrubs
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7
Q

What is the classification of a gymnosperm based on?

A

A plant that comes about from a seed but does not produce flowers.

Examples include:

  • Conifers
  • Ginkgoes
  • Pine trees

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8
Q

What are angiosperms?

A

Plants with flowers.

Examples: roses, apple trees, and magnolias.

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9
Q

What is a cotyledon?

A

The first leaf to grow on a new plant found in the seed.

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10
Q

What are the two main parts of all vascular plants, including angiosperms?

A
  1. Root system: the parts of the plant that lie under the soil.
  2. Shoot system: all parts of the plant above the soil.
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11
Q

What are the functions of the root system in angiosperms?

A
  • Anchor the plant.
  • Absorb water and nutrients from the soil.
  • Transport water and nutrients to the rest of the plant (via the vascular system).
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12
Q

What are the functions of the shoot system in angiosperms?

A
  • Stems & Branches: give height and breadth to the plant to ensure its leaves are exposed to as much sunlight as possible.
  • Leaves: conduct photosynthesis, making food for the rest of the plant.
  • Flowers: reproduction.
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13
Q

What are some characteristics of angiosperms?

A
  • All have flowers that act as reproductive organs.
  • Angiosperm flowers usually have multiple stamen, which are the male reproductive parts.
  • Most angiosperm flowers also have large, bright petals to attract pollinators.
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14
Q

What is the female part of the flower in angiosperms?

A

Pistil

It is where the pollen will land to pollinate the flower.

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15
Q

What do the ovules in angiosperms develop into?

A

The seeds of the angiosperm.

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the endosperm in angiosperm seeds?

A

It provides energy for the growing seedling while it emerges from the seed and grows out of the soil.

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17
Q

What are the two main groups that angiosperms are divided into?

A
  1. Monocots
  2. Dicots

Monocots: Parallel veins and flowers with multiples of three petals (3, 6, 9, etc).

Dicots Branched veins and flowers with multiples of 4 petals or 5 petals (4, 5, 8, 10, etc).

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18
Q

What are the main parts of a flower in angiosperms?

A
  • Petal
  • Stamen
  • Pollen
  • Pistil
  • Ovules
  • Ovary
  • Sepals
  • Endosperm
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19
Q

What is the largest group of gymnosperms?

A

Conifers

The largest group of gymnosperms is the conifers, which include pine, yew, cedars, redwood, and spruce.

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20
Q

What are some characteristics of gymnosperms?

A
  • Bear naked seeds that are not enclosed in an ovary.
  • Have cones responsible for spore and sporangia development.
  • Have no ovary and do not bear fruits.
  • Have no companion cells in their phloem.
  • Have no vessels in their xylem but only have tracheids.
  • Were the most abundant plants during the Mesozoic period.
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21
Q

Describe the lifecycle of gymnosperms in terms of haploid and diploid states.

A
  • The diploid state is exhibited by the plant body, sporophyte.
  • The haploid state, is exhibited by the gametophyte.
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22
Q

What are the two types of cones found in gymnosperms?

A
  • Female cones: produce megaspore (embryo sac)
  • Male cones: produce microspore (pollen)
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23
Q

What is the function of the pollen tube in gymnosperms?

A

It develops to penetrate the female gametophyte tissues, creating a pathway for sperm to fuse with the egg.

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24
Q

What is formed after fusion/fertilization in gymnosperms?

A

Zygote

A zygote is formed, which develops into an embryo enclosed with stored nutrients, forming a seed.

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25
What is the **main characteristic of conifers** in terms of their leaves?
Needle-like leaves which are evergreen.
26
What is the **main characteristic** of **conifers** in terms of their trunk?
Mostly woody trees with one central trunk.
27
What **kingdom** do gymnosperms fall under?
Plantae
28
What is the **primary function** of the plant stem?
Providing **support** for other structures. ## Footnote Supports structures like leaves and flowers.
29
What is the **tissue** of the stem capable of **cell division** called?
Meristem ## Footnote Meristem is where stem growth occurs.
30
What is the purpose of the **epidermis** on the stem?
Protecting inner structures from outside elements. ## Footnote Contains wax-coated cells for protection.
31
What are the **three types of ground tissue** in plant stems?
* Parenchyma * Collenchyma * Sclerenchyma ## Footnote Parenchyma stores food and water. Collenchyma supports young stems and roots. Sclerenchyma provides rigid support.
32
What are the **three types of tissues** produced by **primary and secondary** growth?
* Dermal tissue * Vascular tissue * Ground tissue ## Footnote These tissues have distinct locations and functions within the plant.
33
What are the **two types of vascular tissue** found in plant stems of vascular plants?
* Xylem * Phloem ## Footnote Xylem transports water and minerals, while phloem transports food.
34
What is the main function of **xylem** in plant stems?
Transporting **water** and dissolved **minerals**. ## Footnote Xylem helps in the support of the stem and moves fluids from roots to leaves. It can be used to determine the age of dicot plants.
35
What is the primary function of **phloem** in plant stems?
Transporting **food**. ## Footnote Phloem is made of living cells and moves nutrients from leaves down through the stem.
36
What does the term '**monocot**' stand for?
Monocotyledon ## Footnote One seed leaf.
37
What does the term '**dicot**' stand for?
Dicotyledon ## Footnote Two seed leaves.
38
How is the vascular tissue **arranged in monocots**?
In **paired bundles** of both xylem and phloem, dispersed throughout the stem.
39
How is the vascular tissue **arranged in dicots**?
In **rings**, with xylem on the interior and phloem on the exterior.
40
What is the function of **parenchyma tissue**?
**Stores** water and food.
41
What is the function of **collenchyma tissue**?
Helps **support** young stems and roots.
42
What is the function of **sclerenchyma tissue**?
Provides **support** and **protection** for the stem.
43
What is **dermal tissue** in plants?
The plant epidermis, the **outer layer of tissue** that surrounds the primary body of vascular plants.
44
What are some **functions** of plant dermal tissue?
* Protects the plant from invasion by viruses, fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms. * Regulates gas exchange. * Prevents water loss. * Aids in the absorption of water, ions, and minerals.
45
What are the **specialized components** of plant dermal tissue?
* Cuticle * Guard cells * Stomata * Trichomes * Root hairs
46
What is the function of the **cuticle** in dermal tissue?
The waterproof outer layer of a plant that **prevents transpiration** through the outer layer.
47
What are **stomata** and their function in dermal tissue?
**Pores in the epidermis** that allow the controlled movement of water vapor, oxygen, and carbon dioxide in and out of the plant, and they help **regulate temperature** through **transpiration**.
48
How do **guard cells** regulate stomata?
Guard cells are **paired chloroplast-containing cell**s that can become turgid or flaccid through osmosis, controlling the **opening and closing of stomata** to regulate transpiration and water release.
49
What are **trichomes** and their functions in plants?
* Unicellular or multicellular extensions from the epidermis that vary in size, density, and function. * Protect plants from heat, herbivores, and moisture loss. * Insulate plants from frost and reduce evaporation due to wind.
50
What is the function of **root hairs** in plants?
**Single-celled hair-like extensions** found on the root epidermis that increase surface area for **absorption** of water, ions, and minerals.
51
What are **nodes** on a plant stem?
Locations where leaves are **located**.
52
Define **internode** in the context of plant stems.
The stem length located **between** two nodes. ## Footnote Internodes vary in length based on environmental conditions.
53
What are the **three main types of buds** found on plant stems?
* Terminal buds * Lateral buds * Accessory buds
54
Where is the **apical meristem** located?
At the **tip** of the stem.
55
What are the **three types of tissue** produced by the apical meristem?
* Protoderm * Ground meristem * Procambium
56
What is **secondary growth**?
Growth at the **lateral meristem** that increases the girth of the stem. ## Footnote Typically utilized by dicots such as apple trees.
57
Where does **primary growth** occur?
At the **apical meristem**, increasing stem length.
58
Why is secondary growth not found in monocots?
Due to the **different organization** of vascular tissue in monocots compared to dicots.
59
What happens to the **size of the ring** of vascular tissue in a tree based on growing conditions?
The ring will be **larger** in good growth seasons with plenty of water and nutrients, and smaller in poor growing seasons with limited resources.
60
What **information** can scientists learn from the **size of the rings** in a tree?
Past **climate patterns** in an area.
61
What is the **outer covering of a tree** known as?
bark
62
Why is secondary growth needed by **dicot plants** like apple trees?
Due to the **structure** of the vascular tissue in the stem. ## Footnote Secondary growth allows for the growth of new xylem and phloem from vascular cambium, enabling the plant to increase in size by facilitating the movement of water and nutrients throughout the plant.
63
What is the **primary root tissue** responsible for?
storing food ## Footnote The primary root tissue, also known as the cortex, stores the products of photosynthesis and often makes up the bulk of the root.
64
What is the main function of the **vascular bundle** in roots?
Transport water and food within the root and to the rest of the plant.
65
What **structures** are part of the root system?
* Root cap * Primary root * Root meristem * Meristematic region * Region of elongation * Maturation region * Lateral roots
66
What are **flowers** modified from?
Leaves ## Footnote Flowers are modified leaves attached to the stem of a plant.
67
What is the **outermost whorl** of a flower called?
Calyx ## Footnote The calyx consists of sepals and protects the flower bud.
68
Which whorl of a flower *attracts pollinators*?
Corolla ## Footnote The corolla consists of the flower petals and attracts pollinators.
69
What is the **male whorl** of a flower called?
Androecium ## Footnote The androecium consists of stamens that produce pollen.
70
What is the **innermost whorl** of a flower that includes female structures?
Gynoecium ## Footnote Also known as the pistil. The gynoecium consists of carpels that produce the ovules.
71
What are the components of the **carpel** in a flower?
* Stigma * Style * Ovary
72
What is the **function of the stigma** in a flower carpel?
The stigma is sticky to **retain pollen grains.**
73
What is the **function of the style** in a flower carpel?
It's a tube that **transports pollen grains to the ovary**.
74
What is the function of the **ovary** in a flower carpel?
It contains **ovules**, the female sex cells.
75
What are the components of a **stamen** in a flower?
* Anther * Filament
76
What are the **four whorls** or layers of a flower?
* Calyx * Corolla * Androecium * Gynoecium
77
What is the term for flowers that **have all four whorls present**?
**complete** flowers
78
What is the term for flowers **missing one or more whorls**?
**incomplete** flowers
79
What happens when the **pollen reaches the ovary** in a flower?
A **seed forms** when the pollen combines with an ovule.
80
What process involves the **phloem carrying nutrients from the leaves to the roots** in vascular plants?
Translocation
81
What is **imbibition** in plant seeds?
A special type of diffusion where seeds imbibe water, swell, and activate enzymes for germination.
82
How do **non-vascular plants** absorb water?
Directly through leaf-like structures.
83
What is a **sporophyte** in the alternation of generations?
This is the **diploid stage** that grows from the fusion of male and female sex cells. ## Footnote First stage of the life cycle.
84
What is a **gametophyte** in the alternation of generations?
This is the **haploid stage**. ## Footnote Second stage of the life cycle.
85
What is the role of **gametophytes** in plant reproduction?
They **produce gametes or sex cells** in plants, which are essential for sexual reproduction and genetic diversity.
86
Where are spores produced in the **sporophyte stage** through meiosis?
In a structure called the **sporangium**.
87
What is the **main function** of the **sporophyte** stage?
To make **spores**.
88
What are the **four primary steps** of fertilization in plants?
1. Pollination 2. Germination 3. Penetration of the ovule 4. Fertilization
89
What is the process called when pollen is **transferred onto the stigma** and moves toward the ovule?
Pollination ## Footnote Successful pollination results in offspring.
90
What are the **two types** of pollination?
* Cross-pollination * Self-pollination
91
How does **cross-pollination** occur?
When **pollen from one plant is transferred to another plant**, often with the assistance of insects, wind, or animals.
92
What is the term for pollination when **pollen from a flower pollinates a flower on the same plant**?
Self-pollination
93
How does **self-pollination** occur?
When a plant has **both male and female parts** and completes the pollination process within the same plant.
94
What is **artificial pollination**?
Any pollination completed with **intervention by humans,** rather than through natural methods such as insects or the wind.
95
What happens when **bees pollinate**?
As bees **travel from plant to plant** collecting pollen and nectar, they inadvertently transfer the pollen that sticks to them to other plants.
96
What is **fertilization** in plants?
The process of **fusion** of the female gamete (ovum or egg) with the male gamete (sperm).
97
What is the **main difference** between the ovules of gymnosperms and angiosperms?
* The ovule in **gymnosperms** is not completely enclosed by sporophyte tissue at the time of pollination. * In **Angiosperms**, the ovules are completely enclosed within sporophyte tissue at the time of pollination. ## Footnote Gymnosperms: Plants that produce cones. Angiosperms: Plants that produce flowers.
98
What is the purpose of the **pollen tube** formed during germination?
To pass through the cells of the stigma and style to reach the ovary, acting as a **pathway for the sperm cells** to travel down to the ovule.
99
What occurs during the **penetration of the ovule**?
The pollen tube reaches the ovary and penetrates through the ovule, creating a path for the sperm to travel **from the tip of the stigma to the egg** in the ovule.
100
What is the name of the structure that **develops into the seed coat of gymnosperms** and/or the fruits of flowering plants?
Ovule
101
How can a plant that **reproduces** through stolons be propagated?
By **cutting and planting the stolon** to produce many individual plants.
102
What is **tissue culture**?
An efficient method for vegetatively propagating large numbers of plants using **tissue in a growth hormone solution under sterile conditions**. ## Footnote It can produce large numbers of plant clones using very little material from the parent plant.
103
What is **seed germination**?
The process that a seed or a spore goes through in order to **sprout**.
104
What external factors could **initiate seed germination**?
* Water absorption * Time passage * Exposure to light * Oxygen * Changes in temperature
105
What is a **seed**?
A **fertilized and ripe ovule** that contains the young, embryonic plant.
106
What are the essential **components** of a seed?
* Embryo * Seed coat
107
What are the **three essential steps** in the process of seed germination?
1. Imbibition 2. Respiration 3. Cell-division of cells
108
What is **imbibition** in seed germination?
The **absorption of water by the seed**, leading to rehydration and the rupturing of the protective coat surrounding the embryo.
109
What is **respiration** in seed germination?
The metabolic activity of the plant that transitions from anaerobic to aerobic after the **absorption of oxygen**.
110
What is the **major trigger** for most seeds to grow?
sunlight
111
What **temperature** do most seeds require for germination?
25-30°C | (77-86°F)
112
What are the **internal factors** that may affect seed germination?
* Seed dormancy * Resistance of seed coat to water * Immature seeds * Requirement of more time
113
What is the **significance of the interaction** between intracellular turgor pressure and the plant cell wall in plant movements?
All movements of the plants are **regulated** by the interactions between intracellular turgor pressure and the plant cell wall.
114
What role does **auxin** play in growth-mediated plant movements?
**Promoting or inhibiting cell elongation** in response to light, stem elongation, root growth, and differentiation between root and shoot cells. ## Footnote Auxin is a growth-promoting hormone produced in the apical meristematic tissue.
115
What are **plant hormones**?
Chemicals produced in many parts of the plant that **promote and regulate functions** in other parts of the plant.
116
Where are hormones **synthesized** in plants?
In **all parts of the plant**, including in the roots, stems, and leaves, then transported to the part that needs them through vascular tissues.
117
What are the **five types of hormones** in plants?
* Auxins * Cytokinins * Gibberellins (GAs) * Ethylene * Abscisic acid (ABA)
118
What are the **two categories** of plant **hormones** based on their primary function?
* Growth promoters * Growth inhibitors
119
What is the main function of **cytokinins** in plants?
* Promotes cell division. * Differentiates between root and shoot cells. * Delays senescence of leaf tissue. ## Footnote Cytokinins are growth-promoting hormones located in the root and shoot tips of plants. They can inhibit plant aging.
120
What is the main role of **gibberellins** in plants?
* Stimulates stem growth. * Promotes fruit growth. * Aids in seed growth. * Encourages shoot elongation. * Facilitates flower and fruit maturation. * Delays senescence. ## Footnote Gibberellins are growth-promoting hormones.
121
What are the **two main classifications** of plant stems?
Woody and herbaceous. ## Footnote Stems can also take various forms including shoot, twig, branch, and trunk.
122
What is the **vascular cambium**?
A layer of tissue that **separates** phloem from xylem. ## Footnote It produces new phloem and xylem cells, aiding in stem thickness.
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