Social & Cultural Diversity for National Counselor Examination (NCE)

In feminist therapy, what is the primary purpose of encouraging clients to engage in social action?

A. To distract from personal pain
B. To build esteem through community engagement and systemic awareness
C. To test the client’s boundaries and discomfort
D. To challenge the therapist-client alliance

B. To build esteem through community engagement and systemic awareness

Social activism is valued as a tool for empowerment and building self-esteem.

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A counselor claims, “I treat all clients the same, regardless of background.” From a multicultural perspective, this statement MOST reflects:

A. Cultural humility
B. Colorblind ideology
C. Intersectionality
D. Advocacy

B. Colorblind ideology

B, or colorblindness, minimizes cultural differences and systemic challenges. True multicultural counseling involves acknowledging and working within cultural contexts.

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Which of the following best illustrates the purpose of bracketing in counseling?

A. To allow the counselor to maintain neutrality in all client conversations
B. To ensure the counselor never addresses value-laden topics
C. To create a safe space where clients feel respected and heard, even amidst value differences
D. To replace all personal beliefs with the client’s values

C. To create a safe space where clients feel respected and heard, even amidst value differences

The goal of bracketing is not value erasure but ethical engagement that prioritizes client safety, autonomy, and understanding.

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A counselor is working with a gay male client who has internalized shame due to religious condemnation of his identity. What intervention BEST aligns with affirming and integrative counseling?

A. Encourage the client to reject his religious beliefs
B. Reframe his shame as irrational and unproductive
C. Explore the client’s values to help reconcile identity and faith
D. Refer him to a support group for LGBTQ+ atheists

C. Explore the client’s values to help reconcile identity and faith

C respects both the client’s identity and spirituality. A and D impose external values; B may dismiss the depth of emotional conflict.

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A bisexual client voices frustration that both straight and LGBTQ+ communities question their identity. What is the MOST appropriate clinical response?

A. Normalize their experience and validate the complexity of bisexual identity.
B. Redirect the conversation to discuss internalized homophobia.
C. Suggest they avoid labeling themselves to reduce conflict.
D. Ask whether they feel pressure to choose one side of the spectrum.

A. Normalize their experience and validate the complexity of bisexual identity.

A centers affirming care and acknowledges biphobia. B and D may pathologize or reinforce pressure; C dismisses identity significance.

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Which statement best illustrates how feminist therapists use self-disclosure strategically in treatment?

A. To redirect the session when the client is resistant
B. To establish therapist authority in the therapeutic relationship
C. To model mutuality and equalize power
D. To explain diagnostic criteria in detail

C. To model mutuality and equalize power

Feminist therapists may use self-disclosure intentionally to reduce hierarchy, affirm shared experience, and foster a more egalitarian relationship. It is not used to assert authority or deliver psychoeducation in a top-down way.

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A counselor greets an older Asian American client with a handshake and direct eye contact, believing it shows respect. The client appears uncomfortable and avoids eye contact. This mismatch BEST illustrates:

A. High-context communication
B. Cultural encapsulation
C. Cultural pluralism
D. Microinvalidation

B. Cultural encapsulation

Cultural encapsulation occurs when a counselor imposes their own cultural norms without considering the client’s values.

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A counselor recognizes that their own cultural background shapes their perception of client problems, and they intentionally seek feedback from clients about cultural relevance. This practice reflects:

A. Cultural competence
B. Cultural humility
C. Ethnocentrism
D. Cultural relativism

B. Cultural humility

Cultural humility emphasizes ongoing self-reflection and openness to learning from clients’ cultural experiences, rather than assuming mastery of competence.

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A counselor is supervising a practicum student who expresses discomfort when working with transgender clients. What is the BEST supervisory response?

A. Assign the student only cisgender clients until they feel comfortable.
B. Encourage the student to explore and process their discomfort through supervision.
C. Inform the student that their discomfort is unethical and may result in removal.
D. Suggest the student research transgender identities on their own time.

B. Encourage the student to explore and process their discomfort through supervision.

B emphasizes ethical growth, critical reflection, and professional development. A avoids the issue, C shames without support, and D lacks the active mentorship necessary in supervision.

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During a session, a counselor becomes aware of their discomfort when a client describes substance use behaviors the counselor personally disapproves of. What is the counselor’s ethical responsibility regarding bracketing?

A. Share personal opinions transparently so the client understands potential judgment
B. Acknowledge the internal reaction and consciously avoid letting it interfere with treatment
C. Confront the client on the moral implications of their behavior
D. Discontinue the session and seek consultation before proceeding

B. Acknowledge the internal reaction and consciously avoid letting it interfere with treatment

Ethical bracketing involves recognizing internal responses and choosing not to act on them in a way that compromises client care.

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How does feminist therapy redefine the traditional therapist-client dynamic?

A. The therapist acts as an expert interpreter of unconscious conflicts
B. The therapist reinforces traditional gender norms to guide the client
C. The therapist and client collaborate as equals in the change process
D. The therapist avoids revealing their values to remain neutral

C. The therapist and client collaborate as equals in the change process

Feminist therapy emphasizes collaboration, with clients seen as active participants, not passive recipients. This differs sharply from traditional psychoanalytic or behaviorist approaches.

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In assessing worldview, a counselor notes that a client prefers indirect communication, values relationships over tasks, and relies on nonverbal cues. This communication style is BEST described as:

A. High-context
B. Low-context
C. Etic
D. Acculturative stress

A. High-context

High-context cultures rely heavily on implicit communication, shared understanding, and nonverbal cues.

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Which of the following best exemplifies broaching behavior in the intake session with a client who is transgender and from a minoritized ethnic group?

A. “I don’t see labels; I just see you as a person.”
B. “I’d like to understand how your identities have shaped your experiences. Would you feel comfortable sharing more about that with me?”
C. “I won’t ask anything too personal unless you bring it up first.”
D. “Let’s focus on your presenting issue today and not overcomplicate it.”

B. “I’d like to understand how your identities have shaped your experiences. Would you feel comfortable sharing more about that with me?”

Broaching requires counselors to courageously and respectfully open conversations around identity and intersectionality. Option B aligns with affirmative, trauma-informed care.

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A feminist therapist challenges the idea that a woman’s anxiety is solely due to a chemical imbalance. What philosophical assumption supports this intervention?

A. Biological essentialism
B. The personal is political
C. Cognitive restructuring
D. The psychodynamic model

B. The personal is political

Feminist therapy asserts ‘the personal is political,’ meaning individual struggles often stem from systemic and sociopolitical oppression, not just intrapsychic pathology.

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A counselor works in a community where extended family members often live together and share child-rearing responsibilities. When creating a parenting plan for a Native American client, the counselor includes grandparents and cousins as primary caregivers. This reflects:

A. Ethnocentrism
B. Collectivism
C. Individualism
D. Marginalization

B. Collectivism

Collectivism values group needs, extended family bonds, and communal responsibility.

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A supervisee asks whether they should refer a client due to differences in political or religious views. The supervisor introduces the concept of bracketing as an alternative. What is the primary difference between bracketing and referral?

A. Bracketing involves transferring the client to a specialist
B. Referral always comes before ethical decision-making
C. Bracketing allows the counselor to remain in treatment by managing internal conflicts
D. Referral is preferred whenever personal bias is suspected

C. Bracketing allows the counselor to remain in treatment by managing internal conflicts

Bracketing is a clinical strategy to remain engaged with the client ethically, whereas referral may be appropriate when the counselor cannot manage the value conflict.

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A counselor who strongly believes in traditional gender roles is working with a non-binary client. To ethically and effectively support the client, the counselor engages in bracketing. Which action most reflects this process?

A. Encouraging the client to explore traditional roles for stability
B. Referring the client to a clinician with similar gender beliefs
C. Silently judging the client while avoiding confrontation
D. Setting aside personal values to focus on the client’s lived experience

D. Setting aside personal values to focus on the client’s lived experience

Bracketing involves suspending personal judgments and values to support the client’s perspective and therapeutic goals.

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A Native American Two-Spirit client expresses disconnection from both LGBTQ+ and tribal spaces. A counselor unfamiliar with Two-Spirit identity should FIRST:

A. Refer the client to a tribal healer.
B. Explore how the client constructs meaning around their identity.
C. Express confusion and ask for the client to explain.
D. Search for clinical studies on Two-Spirit individuals.

B. Explore how the client constructs meaning around their identity.

B centers the client’s meaning-making and promotes culturally responsive care. A and D externalize understanding too quickly; C may burden the client with education.

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Which ethical guideline is MOST relevant when a counselor’s personal beliefs conflict with affirming LGBTQ+ identities?

A. Competence
B. Dual relationships
C. Scope of practice
D. Cultural encapsulation

A. Competence

Ethical competence requires counselors to bracket personal values and provide affirming care. D is relevant but more descriptive than prescriptive here.

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A feminist therapist avoids using a DSM diagnosis in favor of focusing on the client’s social and cultural context. What is the rationale for this decision?

A. Diagnoses are universally inaccurate
B. Diagnosis reinforces systemic bias and diverts from empowerment
C. Insurance companies reject feminist therapy
D. Clients are unable to understand clinical terms

B. Diagnosis reinforces systemic bias and diverts from empowerment

Feminist therapists often critique the DSM as reflecting patriarchal and pathologizing norms, which may obscure systemic influences and disempower clients. This choice is rooted in ethical concerns and social justice values.

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Which of the following BEST reflects a microaggression toward an LGBTQ+ client?

A. “Tell me more about how your identity affects your relationships.”
B. “You don’t look gay. I wouldn’t have guessed!”
C. “Let’s explore your identity at your own pace.”
D. “Would you like to include your partner in counseling?”

B. “You don’t look gay. I wouldn’t have guessed!”

B is a form of microaggression through stereotyping. A, C, and D are affirming responses that center client autonomy and inclusivity.

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A client copes with grief by increasing their religious rituals to the point where they avoid discussing their emotional pain. This pattern MOST closely reflects:

A. Spiritual bypass
B. Religious resilience
C. Cultural marginality
D. Ritual immersion

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A. Spiritual bypass

Spiritual bypass is using spiritual practices to avoid or bypass emotional work.

A supervisee asks how to begin broaching race with a client from a different background. Which supervisory guidance is most aligned with multicultural competence?

A. “Avoid talking about race unless the client brings it up.”
B. “Make assumptions based on cultural stereotypes to connect quickly.”
C. “Create safety by showing you’re open to exploring identity and invite discussion early on.”
D. “Focus on diagnosis first; cultural dynamics can be addressed later.”

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C. “Create safety by showing you’re open to exploring identity and invite discussion early on.”

Early broaching helps establish psychological safety and signals respect for the client’s whole self. It should be intentional, not reactive.

A feminist therapist avoids using a DSM diagnosis in favor of focusing on the client’s social and cultural context. What is the rationale for this decision?

A. Diagnoses are universally inaccurate
B. Diagnosis reinforces systemic bias and diverts from empowerment
C. Insurance companies reject feminist therapy
D. Clients are unable to understand clinical terms

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B. Diagnosis reinforces systemic bias and diverts from empowerment

Feminist therapists critique DSM diagnoses as reflecting patriarchal norms, which may obscure systemic influences and disempower clients.

A counselor says to a client, “I know exactly what it’s like to come out—I went through it too.” **What concern does this raise from a clinical ethics perspective?** * A. Cultural appropriation * B. Transference * C. Excessive neutrality * D. Countertransference and loss of client focus

D. Countertransference and loss of client focus ## Footnote While shared identity can build rapport, over-identification risks shifting focus away from the client’s unique experience.

A counselor avoids discussing a client’s cultural identity, believing therapy should be “culture-blind.” **What is the most likely consequence of this approach?** * A. The client may feel validated and seen. * B. The therapeutic alliance will strengthen over time. * C. The client may feel unheard, leading to rupture in the relationship. * D. The counselor will gain more authority in the relationship.

C. The client may feel unheard, leading to rupture in the relationship. ## Footnote Ignoring cultural factors can lead clients to feel invalidated or invisible, weakening trust and connection—an anti-therapeutic outcome that contradicts multicultural competency.

A transgender client undergoing hormone therapy shares feelings of grief over losing aspects of their former appearance. **What therapeutic stance is MOST appropriate?** * A. Redirect to the positive aspects of transition * B. Normalize grief as part of identity development and invite exploration * C. Encourage the client to focus only on the future * D. Reframe their grief as internalized transphobia

B. Normalize grief as part of identity development and invite exploration ## Footnote B honors the complexity of identity, grief, and transformation. A and C minimize emotion; D may mislabel the experience.

A Latin gay client expresses guilt about his sexuality conflicting with family expectations of masculinity. **Which culturally responsive approach is MOST effective?** * A. Challenge machismo directly in therapy * B. Explore family and cultural values in a respectful, client-led manner * C. Suggest detachment from unsupportive family * D. Normalize guilt as a phase in coming out

B. Explore family and cultural values in a respectful, client-led manner ## Footnote B honors cultural nuances and identity conflict. A and C risk alienation; D oversimplifies complex emotion.

What is the **BEST rationale for using the term LGBTQIA+ in clinical practice and documentation?** * A. To avoid legal liability when working with gender-diverse clients * B. To comply with insurance billing standards * C. To acknowledge the full spectrum of sexual and gender identities * D. To meet affirmative action goals in counseling agencies

C. To acknowledge the full spectrum of sexual and gender identities ## Footnote C reflects inclusivity and affirmation. A and B are procedural; D refers to policy, not therapeutic intent.

Which response MOST embodies **broaching in a first session with an LGBTQIA+ client of color?** * A. “We don’t need to talk about your identity unless it’s an issue.” * B. “You’re safe here—race, gender, and orientation are part of the conversation if you’d like.” * C. “I work with lots of diverse clients, so I understand.” * D. “I believe everyone is equal, so we don’t need to focus on labels.”

B. “You’re safe here—race, gender, and orientation are part of the conversation if you’d like.” ## Footnote B proactively invites openness while respecting autonomy. A and D discourage discussion; C implies overgeneralization.

A counselor is working with a first-generation Mexican American client who strongly identifies with their heritage culture while maintaining minimal contact with non-Latino peers. This pattern **BEST represents which acculturation strategy?** * A. Assimilation * B. Separation * C. Integration * D. Marginalization

B. Separation ## Footnote Separation occurs when an individual maintains their original cultural identity while avoiding interaction with the dominant culture.

Which of the following is a key **ethical responsibility** when counseling LGBTQIA+ clients? * A. Remaining neutral when clients express internalized stigma. * B. Avoiding assumptions by not bringing up gender or sexuality unless the client does. * C. Actively seeking continuing education on LGBTQIA+ issues. * D. Referring all LGBTQIA+ clients to specialists.

C. Actively seeking continuing education on LGBTQIA+ issues. ## Footnote Ongoing education is an ethical mandate. B avoids broaching, A ignores harm, and D perpetuates exclusion from general practice.

A low-income client from a rural community is reluctant to attend counseling because they view mental health services as “for rich city people.” **Which barrier is MOST directly at play?** * A. Language * B. Socioeconomic status and access * C. Cultural assimilation * D. Marginalization

B. Socioeconomic status and access ## Footnote The primary barrier is socioeconomic, including perceived relevance and accessibility of services.

A counselor who intentionally initiates conversation around **race, ethnicity, and culture (REC) early in the therapeutic process** is demonstrating which of the following practices, according to Day-Vines et al. (2020)? * A. Cultural immersion * B. Cultural transference * C. Broaching, which involves proactively fostering dialogue about REC factors * D. Cultural encapsulation, which resists discussing societal influences

C. Broaching, which involves proactively fostering dialogue about REC factors ## Footnote Broaching is a deliberate and proactive therapeutic stance in which the counselor opens space to discuss REC-related topics, recognizing that such factors influence a client’s concerns on multiple levels—personal, relational, and societal. Unlike cultural encapsulation (D), which limits exploration, broaching (C) invites a multidimensional dialogue. This aligns with Day-Vines et al.'s definition emphasizing safe, intentional, and identity-affirming space.

**How does the process of bracketing most benefit the therapeutic alliance?** * A. It helps the counselor gain control over the session * B. It allows the counselor to dominate discussions without ethical conflict * C. It reinforces the client’s belief that their identity will be pathologized * D. It strengthens trust and safety by reducing judgment and bias

D. It strengthens trust and safety by reducing judgment and bias ## Footnote Bracketing enhances the therapeutic relationship by ensuring that the counselor responds with openness and respect to the client’s unique perspective.

**Which professional development practice would most support a counselor’s long-term ability to engage in bracketing?** * A. Reading political commentary to stay culturally informed * B. Regular self-reflection and consultation to increase awareness of personal biases * C. Avoiding all clients who trigger personal discomfort * D. Engaging only with clients who share similar backgrounds

B. Regular self-reflection and consultation to increase awareness of personal biases ## Footnote Bracketing is sustained by self-awareness, consultation, and ethical introspection — all of which are core to competent practice.

A counselor practicing feminist therapy integrates intersectionality when working with a biracial LGBTQ+ teen. **What best explains the benefit of this lens?** * A. It allows the therapist to focus exclusively on race * B. It prioritizes traditional gender roles * C. It contextualizes the client’s experience across multiple systems of power * D. It avoids discussing privilege to reduce client discomfort

C. It contextualizes the client’s experience across multiple systems of power ## Footnote Intersectionality is central to feminist therapy, acknowledging how multiple identities interact to shape one’s lived experience.

A transgender teen is experiencing gender dysphoria and social isolation. Which of the following interventions is most aligned with **best practices and ethical standards?** * A. Encourage the client to present as their assigned gender to avoid bullying. * B. Validate their gender identity and explore affirming support systems. * C. Suggest delaying identity exploration until adulthood. * D. Focus therapy solely on symptoms of anxiety.

B. Validate their gender identity and explore affirming support systems. ## Footnote B reflects affirming, ethical care. A and C impose external norms; D pathologizes rather than validates the core issue.

A counselor unfamiliar with the term "asexual" should **FIRST:** * A. Ask the client to define it in their own words * B. Research the term before the next session * C. Explore the client's past sexual trauma history * D. Treat it as a phase unless distress is reported

B. Research the term before the next session ## Footnote B reflects cultural humility and commitment to competence. A places burden on the client; C assumes trauma; D is dismissive.

During supervision, a counselor says, “I treat all clients the same, regardless of their background, because I believe people are essentially alike.” **Which cultural perspective is the counselor demonstrating?** * A. Etic * B. Emic * C. Cultural relativism * D. Cultural humility

A. Etic ## Footnote An etic approach assumes universal principles apply across cultures, whereas emic focuses on culture-specific norms.

A counselor is working with a client who identifies as nonbinary. The client becomes visibly withdrawn after being referred to as "she" by the receptionist. Which of the following responses by the counselor BEST reflects **ethical and culturally competent care?** * A. Assure the client that the receptionist meant no harm. * B. Redirect the client to discuss their reaction in session. * C. Acknowledge the error and offer to advocate for correct gendering. * D. Refer the client to another counselor more familiar with nonbinary identities.

C. Acknowledge the error and offer to advocate for correct gendering. ## Footnote C demonstrates ethical, affirming, and culturally competent practice by acknowledging harm and advocating for systemic respect. Ignoring or minimizing it (A, B), or transferring care prematurely (D), misses the opportunity to build trust.

A male therapist uses feminist therapy with clients from various cultural backgrounds. **What practice best demonstrates cultural humility in this context?** * A. Referring all clients of color to a BIPOC therapist * B. Using the same techniques with all clients to ensure fairness * C. Reflecting on his own biases and adapting interventions accordingly * D. Avoiding conversations about culture unless clients bring it up

C. Reflecting on his own biases and adapting interventions accordingly ## Footnote Cultural humility involves self-reflection, recognizing biases, and adapting interventions to avoid unconscious imposition of values.

A lesbian couple is seeking family therapy to help their teenage daughter cope with school bullying. Which **theoretical model** is MOST appropriate for affirming the family's structure and addressing systemic oppression? * A. Psychoanalytic * B. Structural Family Therapy * C. Bowenian Family Systems * D. Feminist Family Therapy

D. Feminist Family Therapy ## Footnote Feminist Family Therapy integrates social justice, power analysis, and affirming all family structures. While Structural (B) is useful, it may lack the explicit lens needed for addressing heteronormative bias.

How does feminist therapy **redefine the traditional therapist-client dynamic?** * A. The therapist acts as an expert interpreter of unconscious conflicts * B. The therapist reinforces traditional gender norms to guide the client * C. The therapist and client collaborate as equals in the change process * D. The therapist avoids revealing their values to remain neutral

C. The therapist and client collaborate as equals in the change process ## Footnote Feminist therapy emphasizes collaboration, with clients seen as active participants in the process.

An African American client reports their therapist previously commented, “You’re so articulate for someone from your neighborhood.” **This statement BEST represents:** * A. Microassault * B. Microinsult * C. Microinvalidation * D. Cultural pluralism

B. Microinsult ## Footnote Microinsults are subtle statements that convey rudeness or insensitivity and demean a person’s heritage or identity.

A high school counselor notices a nonbinary student withdrawing from extracurricular activities and social groups. The counselor’s **BEST response would be to:** * A. Suggest the student join a gender and sexuality alliance (GSA). * B. Speak to the student’s parents about gender-affirming strategies. * C. Wait for the student to approach them when ready. * D. Initiate a private, affirming conversation and offer support resources.

D. Initiate a private, affirming conversation and offer support resources. ## Footnote D models ethical broaching and proactive inclusion. A may be helpful later, B risks outing, and C is passive.

A client describes feeling “too assertive” at work, fearing she comes across as “unfeminine.” From a feminist therapy lens, which intervention **best addresses this internalized belief?** * A. Encourage the client to journal about professional goals * B. Label the behavior as pathological to address role conflict * C. Invite the client to explore how gender socialization impacts self-perception * D. Focus on reframing assertiveness as aggression

C. Invite the client to explore how gender socialization impacts self-perception ## Footnote Feminist therapy uses gender-role analysis and relabeling to help clients explore how social norms shape self-evaluation. Option C reflects this core technique.

A client expresses discomfort discussing race-based trauma with their White counselor. Which response best demonstrates a **broaching approach?** * A. “Let’s focus on the trauma itself, not the racial aspect.” * B. “I want to acknowledge that our racial identities are different and that might influence our work together. Would you be open to exploring that with me?” * C. “I’ve worked with many clients of your background before, so I understand.” * D. “I’m not sure how to respond, but I’ll do my best.”

B. “I want to acknowledge that our racial identities are different and that might influence our work together. Would you be open to exploring that with me?” ## Footnote Broaching requires proactively acknowledging and inviting discussion about racial dynamics. Option B shows cultural humility and initiates dialogue about identity-based influences.

Which of the following statements BEST reflects an **intersectional understanding** of a Black transgender woman’s experience in therapy? * A. “Your identity is important, but let's focus on what's bothering you emotionally.” * B. “You may face challenges that are shaped by both your race and gender identity.” * C. “Many clients of color share your experience.” * D. “We should keep your gender identity separate from your cultural background.”

B. “You may face challenges that are shaped by both your race and gender identity.” ## Footnote B shows intersectional awareness of layered oppression. A and D compartmentalize; C generalizes without specificity.

When developing an intake form for a diverse client population, which of the following options BEST supports **inclusivity** for LGBTQIA+ individuals? * A. Gender: Male ☐ Female ☐ * B. Gender: Male ☐ Female ☐ Other ☐ * C. Gender: __________ (fill in the blank) * D. Gender: Male ☐ Female ☐ Transgender ☐

C. Gender: __________ (fill in the blank) ## Footnote C allows clients to self-identify fully and respectfully. A and B reinforce binary thinking; D confuses identity with transition status.

A client says, “You probably don’t understand what it’s like to be treated differently for how I look.” Which counselor response most effectively embodies **broaching?** * A. “You're right. Let’s stay focused on your symptoms.” * B. “Actually, I do understand. I’ve read a lot on the subject.” * C. “You’re right—my experience is different. Would you be willing to share more about what that’s been like for you?” * D. “People shouldn’t judge others. I think we all go through similar struggles.”

C. “You’re right—my experience is different. Would you be willing to share more about what that’s been like for you?” ## Footnote This response validates the client’s lived experience, names the difference in identity, and invites deeper dialogue—hallmarks of effective broaching.

A feminist therapist challenges the idea that a woman’s anxiety is solely due to a chemical imbalance. What **philosophical assumption** supports this intervention? * A. Biological essentialism * B. The personal is political * C. Cognitive restructuring * D. The psychodynamic model

B. The personal is political ## Footnote Feminist therapy asserts “the personal is political”, meaning individual struggles often stem from systemic and sociopolitical oppression, not just intrapsychic pathology. This core belief differentiates feminist theory from medicalized or strictly intrapsychic models.

Which statement **best illustrates how feminist therapists use self-disclosure strategically in treatment?** * A. To redirect the session when the client is resistant * B. To establish therapist authority in the therapeutic relationship * C. To model mutuality and equalize power * D. To explain diagnostic criteria in detail

C. To model mutuality and equalize power ## Footnote Feminist therapists use self-disclosure to reduce hierarchy, affirm shared experience, and foster an egalitarian relationship.

Social & Cultural Diversity Flashcards

Understand multicultural counseling theories, cultural identity development, and strategies for working effectively with diverse populations. (53 cards)