1
Q
Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions are most commonly found on which two groups of teeth?
- A. Incisors
- B. Canines
- C. Premolars
- D. Molars
(choose two)
A
- C. Premolars
- D. Molars
2
Q
Cats with wet feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) typically have which type of abdominal effusion?
A
An exudate, or occasionally a modified transudate
3
Q
The primary differential for sudden onset of pain, paralysis, pulselessness, and coolness of the pelvic limbs in a cat is what?
A
Saddle thrombus
(aortic thromboembolism)
Any condition resulting in left atrial enlargement (e.g., hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hyperthyroidism) can predispose.
4
Q
What is the oral antibiotic of choice for treating toxoplasmosis in a cat?
A
Clindamycin
5
Q
Which chronic and severe cutaneous disorder is a recognized adverse effect of vaccination in cats?
A
Vaccine-associated sarcoma
6
Q
The incidence of dilated cardiomyopathy in cats decreased dramatically after the 1987 discovery that a significant cause was a dietary deficiency of which nutrient?
A
Taurine
7
Q
How many teeth does the adult cat have?
A
30
Upper: 3 incisors, 1 canine, 3 premolars, 1 molar each side
Lower: same except 2 premolars instead of 3
8
Q
What are two complications to be aware of (and warn owners about) when performing surgery to treat a nasopharyngeal polyp in a cat?
A
- Horner syndrome
- Peripheral vestibular disease
Both associated with bulla osteotomy.
9
Q
An older white cat has an erosive lesion that has been expanding on the rostral-most nasal planum for several months.
What neoplasm is of greatest concern?
A
Squamous cell carcinoma
10
Q
During recovery from general anesthesia for a spay, you notice that your feline patient has signs of severe subcutaneous emphysema of the neck and thorax.
What was the likely cause?
A
Tracheal perforation
Likely during intubation (stylet perforated), cuff inflation (excessive), or venipuncture (if blood was drawn from a jugular).
11
Q
What is the most common cause of chylothorax in the feline patient?
A
Idiopathic chylothorax
Cardiac disease, trauma, fungal infection, and feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) are among other possible causes.
12
Q
Which common feline virus causes keratitis?
A
Feline herpesvirus-1
(feline viral rhinotracheitis)
13
Q
How is feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) most commonly transmitted?
A
- Bite wounds
- Scratches
14
Q
What is the main antidote for acetaminophen-induced methemoglobinemia in cats?
A
N-acetylcysteine
15
Q
70% of feline hyperthyroid disease is unilateral or bilateral?
A
Bilateral
Both thyroid glands are usually affected, hence the limited efficacy of unilateral thyroidectomy for treatment.
16
Q
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is caused by a mutation in which virus?
A
Feline enteric coronavirus
Since it is an in vivo mutation, a positive serologic titer does not distinguish between coronaviral enteritis and FIP.
17
Q
What is the most commonly diagnosed neoplasm in the cat?
A
Lymphoma
18
Q
A cat gets her tail caught in a recliner. On presentation, her tail is flaccid, her bladder is distended and easily expressed, and her anus is dilated.
What are her chances of recovery and what affects recovery?
A
- 50% chance of return to function
- If neuropraxia (loss of function but intact structure) occurred, recovery is possible; but, if neurotmesis (nerve severence) occurred, recovery is impossible
19
Q
Stomatitis in cats can be associated with which viruses?
A
- Feline leukemia virus (FeLV)
- Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)
- Feline calicivirus
- Feline herpesvirus
20
Q
How is feline leukemia virus (FeLV) primarily transmitted?
A
- Close contact
- Grooming
- Social behavior ( due to saliva, secretions)
21
Q
Which ornamental flower has been implicated in the greatest number of cases of acute renal failure in cats?
A
Lilium spp.
(lilies)
22
Q
While all mammals are susceptible, generally this toxicosis is seen in cats fed a diet high in raw liver. What is it?
A
Vitamin A toxicosis
23
Q
A middle-aged cat has upper respiratory tract infection, bilateral conjunctivitis, and a dendritic ulcer.
This is most consistent with which infectious disease?
A
Feline herpesvirus-1
(FHV-1)
24
Q
Which electrolyte disturbance is most common in cats with chronic kidney disease?
A
Hypokalemia
Note: hyperphosphatemia is also common, but strictly speaking, phosphorus is a mineral, not an electrolyte.
25
Which **organ system** is most commonly affected when **lymphoma** occurs in **feline leukemia virus-negative** cats?
Gastrointestinal tract
| (alimentary lymphoma)
26
Which type of **diet** may aid in **reducing insulin requirements** and improving clinical diabetic control in cats?
A diet low in simple carbohydrates and high in protein and fiber
27
Other than idiopathic disease, what are the **two** major causes of **non-traumatic chylothorax** in the cat?
* Neoplasia (mediastinal lymphoma)
* Congestive heart failure
28
What is the most common cause of **hypercalcemia** in cats?
Idiopathic
## Footnote
Unlike dogs, where malignancy-associated hypercalcemia is more common.
29
What are the feline **blood types**?
* Type A
* Type B
* Type AB
30
Which structures **pass through** the **supracondylar foramen** in the humerus of the cat?
1. Median nerve
2. Brachial artery
## Footnote
Important to know for fracture repair.
31
The owner of a cat with third-degree atrioventricular (AV) block and a ventricular escape rate of 120 beats/minute cannot afford pacemaker implantation.
**What is the prognosis (median survival time) without a pacemaker? **
* A. < 30 days
* B. 1-3 months
* C. 4-6 months
* D. > 1 year
D. > 1 year
## Footnote
Cats seem to tolerate third-degree AV block very well without pacing, and conspicuously more so than dogs.
Median survival is 386 days (range: 1 - 2013 days).
32
A 17-year-old male castrated domestic shorthaired cat has firm swelling and pain of the skin covering the third digit of the left forepaw. Thoracic radiographs reveal a single, large (7-cm diameter) pulmonary mass.
**What is the most likely diagnosis?**
Pulmonary adenocarcinoma with metastasis to the digit
## Footnote
In cats, this tumor has the unusual behavior of originating in the lungs and metastasizing peripherally, especially to the extremities ("lung-digit syndrome"), rather than the opposite direction (many primary tumors of the body metastasize to the lungs).
33
In cats, what is the **difference** between urinary **marking** and urinary **incontinence**?
* Marking: urination for hierarchical purposes, usually involving small amounts of urine, commonly on vertical surfaces, and without an underlying medical problem
* Incontinence: inadvertent passage of urine as a clinical manifestation of illness (urinalysis/complete blood count/serum biochemistry profile/thyroxine level often abnormal)
34
Name **three treatment options** for **chronic idiopathic chylothorax** in the cat.
1. Low-fat diet
2. Oral administration of rutin*
3. Pericardiectomy
4. Periodic centesis
5. Pleurodesis
6. Pleuroperitoneal shunt placement
7. Thoracic duct ligation
## Footnote
*Rutin is a nutritional supplement with putative macrophage-activating properties.
35
A newborn kitten develops neonatal isoerythrolysis.
**What is the most likely reason?**
* A. Kitten has type A blood and queen is type B
* B. Kitten has type B blood and queen is type A
* C Kitten has either type A or type B blood and queen is type A
A. Kitten has type A blood and queen is type B
## Footnote
Adult cats with type B blood have strong, native, anti-A alloantibodies that are passed in colostrum.
A nursing kitten with type A blood therefore ingests antibodies that lyse its erythrocytes.
The reverse (queen A, kitten B) occurs but anti-B antibodies are weak and the effect is much milder.
36
What is the most common **cause** of **recurrent conjunctivitis** in cats?
Feline herpesvirus-1
37
Why is an **incisional (wedge) biopsy** preferred over an excisional biopsy (full resection) in an adult cat with a 10-cm, slowly growing **interscapular dermal mass**?
With suspected injection-site sarcomas (this is the typical location), complete resection is most likely to result in tumor control
## Footnote
Standard excision typically leads to incomplete removal (microscopic disease remaining).
The diagnostic/wedge biopsy is performed first, and if injection-site sarcoma is confirmed, then an aggressive resection with very wide margins is justified, possibly preceded by radiation therapy.
38
What is the most common **mineral composition** of **uroliths** isolated from feline kidneys and ureters?
Calcium oxalate
39
The owner of a four-year-old domestic shorthaired cat has been feeding raw liver as the sole food source "to make him stronger." On physical exam, the cat shows lameness, rigid neck ventroflexion, and a dry, scaly haircoat.
**What is the most likely diagnosis?**
Vitamin A toxicosis
40
Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) is the liver enzyme most sensitive to cholestasis for all feline liver diseases except one.
**What is the disease, and which enzyme is superior for it?**
* Disease: hepatic lipidosis
* Enzyme: alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
41
With feline **hepatic lipidosis** on ultrasound examination, is the liver **hyperechoic** or **hypoechoic**?
Hyperechoic due to fatty infiltration
## Footnote
Hepatic lipidosis livers are generally "big and bright."
42
Does the **feline leukemia (FeLV) ELISA test** detect antigen, antibody, or both?
Antigen only
## Footnote
This is why the result is unaffected by previous vaccination.
43
An adult cat's bloodwork shows mild neutrophilia, mild monocytosis, and moderate lymphopenia.
**This is most compatible with which of the following?**
* A. Stress (cortisol effects)
* B. Excitement (epinephrine effects)
* C. Inflammation?
A. Stress (cortisol effects)
44
Unlike dogs, which **serum liver enzyme** in cats is **not** affected by corticosteroid exposure?
Alkaline phosphatase
| (ALP)
45
A normal cat's abdominal ultrasound image shows two gallbladders within two livers, one of each on each side of the diaphragm.
**How is this observation explained?**
Mirror-image artifact
## Footnote
This is a result of reflection of ultrasound waves on the concave surface of the diaphragm.
46
What is the **normal size of the feline kidney** as compared to the length of the body of the **second lumbar vertebra** in abdominal radiographs?
Two to three times the length of the second lumbar vertebra
47
A ten-year-old domestic shorthaired cat presents with acute blindness, severe generalized weakness, and ventroflexion of the neck. On ultrasound examination, you identify a right adrenal mass.
**What is the most likely diagnosis?**
Primary hyperaldosteronism
## Footnote
Caused by an aldosterone-secreting adrenal mass that causes:
1. systemic hypertension, which caused the blindness
2. hypokalemia, which resulted in weakness and neck ventroflexion
48
When assessing the **vertebral heart size** of a cat from a **lateral thoracic radiograph**, after measuring the long and short axes of the heart, from the **cranial aspect of which vertebra** do you begin counting?
Fourth thoracic
| (T4)
49
**Adequate renal concentrating ability** is presumed to exist if the **urine specific gravity** is greater than which value in cats?
1.035
50
What are the components of feline "**triaditis**"?
* Cholangiohepatitis
* Pancreatitis
* Inflammatory bowel disease
## Footnote
Up to 50–60% of cats with one of these conditions have concurrent inflammation in the other organs.
51
Adenocarcinoma of which organ has been associated with a **paraneoplastic alopecia** in cats?
The pancreas
52
Which **antibiotic** is best known for causing **esophageal strictures** in cats?
Doxycycline
## Footnote
When administered without water or food, the tablet remains in the esophagus, causing a chemical esophagitis and subsequent stricture.
53
What is the most common type of **oral neoplasm** in cats?
Squamous cell carcinoma
54
What are two **common differential diagnoses** for multiple homogeneous gray-white nodules in the kidney of a cat?
1. Lymphoma
2. Feline infectious peritonitis
55
What is the most common **histologic diagnosis** in feline **mammary tumors**?
Adenocarcinoma
56
Which feline **infectious respiratory disease** is characterized by **oral ulceration**?
Feline calicivirus
## Footnote
Feline immunodeficiency virus infection is associated with stomatitis, but uncommonly with oral ulceration.
57
What is the most common **side effect **of **azathioprine** in cats, which makes it contraindicated in this species?
Myelosuppression
58
***Eurytrema procyonis*** is a parasite that affects **which organ** in the cat?
The pancreas
59
**Potassium bromide** is not routinely recommended for use in cats due to which **potential complication**?
Bronchial asthma exacerbation
60
What is the major cat-to-cat **mode of transmission** of ***Bartonella* spp.**?
Arthropod vectors
## Footnote
Especially the cat flea, *Ctenocephalides felis*.
61
A young cat in a single-cat household stalks its owners and bites their hands and feet when they are moving
**What type of aggression is this cat exhibiting?**
Play aggression
62
Which **protozoal** organism transmitted by **ticks** causes a **fatal** illness in domestic cats?
*Cytauxzoon felis*
63
Which **zoonotic** disease should the clinician be aware of when examining a cat with **lymphadenopathy**, signs of **respiratory** infection, and a recent history of having traveled to **Arizona**?
Plague
## Footnote
Caused by *Yersinia pestis*.
64
Cats treated with **enrofloxacin** doses of ≥ 5 mg/kg may experience which **irreversible toxicosis**?
Blindness
| (irreversible retinal degeneration)
65
Which is true regarding **blood transfusions** in cats?
* A. Transfusion of type A blood into type B cat can result in acute hemolysis the first time a transfusion is given
* B. Transfusion of type B blood into type A cat can result in acute hemolysis the first time a transfusion is given
A. Transfusion of type A blood into a type B cat can result in a life-threatening intravascular hemolytic reaction the first time a transfusion is given
## Footnote
Type B blood transfusions given to type A cats do not result in severe intravascular hemolysis, but the erythrocytes are phagocytized and removed within a few days.
66
What is the major **pathophysiologic** mechanism of **cytauxzoonosis** in cats?
Blood vessel obstruction via schizont-laden macrophages
67
Which blood test is preferred for **screening** cats for feline leukemia virus**(FeLV)** and, when the result is positive, which second test is used for **confirmation**?
* Screen: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) to detect p27 protein
* Confirmation: polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
68
What is the most common cause of **cervical ventroflexion** in the cat?
Hypokalemia
## Footnote
Organophosphate intoxication and thiamine-responsive disease are other moderately common causes.
Hyperthyroidism is a rare cause and is usually also secondary to low potassium if cervical ventroflexion is noted on clinical presentation.
69
**Acromegaly** in cats can lead to which **endocrine disorder**?
Insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus
70
Why is the chemotherapeutic drug **cisplatin contraindicated** in cats?
It can cause acute, life-threatening pulmonary edema
71
An overweight, adolescent, male neutered cat with acute onset pelvic limb lameness with no history of trauma. Radiographs reveal a unilateral femoral capital physeal fracture.
**What is the most likely underlying disorder?**
Feline capital physeal dysplasia
72
Which groups of **antimicrobials** are recommended to treat feline **hemotropic mycoplasmosis**?
## Footnote
*Mycoplasma haemofelis* infection; formerly hemobartonellosis
Tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones are both widely used
## Footnote
Recommended treatment duration is three weeks but may need to be extended with either drug class.
73
What is the most common cause of **constipation/obstipation** in the cat?
Idiopathic megacolon
74
Which **vaccine adjuvant** has been implicated in **injection-site sarcomas** of cats?
Aluminum
75
Which two **therapeutic agents** can be used for treating cats with clinical ***Aelurostrongylus abstrusus*** infection?
Fenbendazole and prednisolone
## Footnote
Imidacloprid/moxidectin can also be used.
76
Which **three ingredients** account for close to **90% of all adverse food reactions** in cats?
* Beef
* Chicken
* Fish
77
What is the most common **clinical feature** of feline **hyperthyroidism**?
Weight loss (greater than 80% of cases) despite increased appetite
## Footnote
Newer case series report clinical signs that are less dramatic, possibly because of earlier detection or disease variation over time.
78
Name **three treatments** for **hyperthyroidism** in cats.
* Radioactive iodine therapy
* Surgical removal of the gland
* Antithyroid drugs
## Footnote
There are two FDA-approved drugs: Felimazole®; and Felanorm®; alternate dosage forms also available via compouding for those intolerant to pills/liquid (e.g., transdermal preparations, flavored treats).
79
Name a **common sequela** of feline **hypertrophic cardiomyopathy** besides congestive heart failure.
* Aortic thromboembolism
* Cardiac arrhythmias
* Rarely syncope or sudden death
80
**Insulin resistance**, **enlargement of the skull and feet**, and a **protruding mandible** are signs of which **endocrinopathy** in cats?
Acromegaly
81
Which percentage of feline mammary tumors are malignant?
>85%
| (vs. about 50% in dogs)
82
**Anorectic** cats and those fed a diet high in **seafood** may exhibit severe muscle weakness due to a **deficiency** in this vitamin.
Thiamine
| (vitamin B1)
83
What is the most common species of **bacteria** found in cats with **pyothorax**?
*Pasteurella multocida*
## Footnote
Other common are *Streptococcus canis*, *Escherichia coli*, and anaerobic bacteria.
84
What is the most common cause of **nasal mycotic infections** in cats?
*Cryptococcus neoformans*
85
A colleague of yours spayed an adult female cat last year and now the cat is showing signs of estrus.
**What are three possible explanations?**
1. Ectopic/unidentified ovarian tissue that was not removed
2. Adrenal tumor
3. All ovarian tissue was correctly removed and the cat is exposed exogenously
## Footnote
Cats may ingest human hormone-replacement medication in the household.
86
What are the **three major infectious causes** of feline **upper respiratory tract infection complex**?
* Feline herpesvirus-1 (feline rhinotracheitis virus)
* Feline calicivirus
* Bacterial infections (*Bordetella, Chlamydophila, Mycoplasma*)
87
There is a chronic large bowel disorder that causes diarrhea, is associated with multi-cat households and shelters, is detected by identifying flagellated organisms on a fecal wet mount, and may be treated with ronidazole.
**What is the causative agent?**
*Tritrichomonas foetus*
88
Feline **asthma** is characterized by which **radiographic findings**?
Possible findings include:
* bronchial pattern
* hyperinflation of lungs
* increased radiolucency of lung
* flattened diaphragm
* interstitial pattern
* lobar atelectasis
* bronchiectasis
* spontaneous pneumothorax
## Footnote
Normal radiographs do not rule out asthma.
89
What is the most reliable **diagnostic** test for feline **hypertrophic cardiomyopathy**?
An echocardiogram
## Footnote
Genetic testing of a blood sample for the beta-myosin heavy chain mutation can be helpful for Ragdolls and Maine Coons, but is less helpful for other breeds.
90
Cats with **acetaminophen toxicosis** can present with which **hematologic abnormality**?
Methemoglobinemia
91
In cats, at which approximate **absolute reticulocyte count** would you say **regeneration** is occurring?
>50,000/microliter
92
Name two **radiographic signs** of **hypertrophic cardiomyopathy** in a cat.
1. Marked left atrial enlargement, causing "valentine" heart shape (dorsoventral; ventrodorsal)
2. Enlarged pulmonary veins (not common)
3. Interstitial or alveolar opacification (pulmonary edema)
4. Pleural effusion
5. Apex shifted to right
6. On lateral, increased sternal contact and prominent caudal cardiac waist
93
Which **gram-negative** red blood cell **parasite** causes **anemia** in cats?
*Mycoplasma haemofelis*
| (formerly called *Hemobartonella felis*)
94
A **cat** experiences vehicular trauma and presents with an **abdominal fluid wave**. What **tests** can you perform to determine if the cat has a **uroperitoneum**?
Compare creatinine and potassium levels of the abdominal effusion to blood
## Footnote
Fluid creatinine and potassium approximately 2x the value (creatinine) or 1.4x the value (potassium) of blood is consistent with uroperitoneum.
95
You sample **pleural effusion** from a **cat**, and it is **grossly pale pink and milky**. What biochemical **test** diagnoses chylothorax in this case?
Compare triglyceride and cholesterol levels of the effusion to blood
## Footnote
Fluid triglyceride > serum triglyceride or a fluid cholesterol:triglyceride ratio < 1 are characteristics of chylous effusion.
96
What are **key goals** in management of **feline asthma**?
* Reduce airway inflammation
* Manage bronchoconstriction
## Footnote
Reduce airway inflammation with oral, injectable, or inhaled steroids; and occasionally cyclosporine.
Manage bronchoconstriction with oral, injectable, or inhaled bronchodilators.
97
A cat presents with signs of an arterial thromboembolism (ATE). His rectal temperature is 94.3°F (34.6°C).
**Why is this a poor prognostic indicator?**
Hypothermia with ATE indicates presence of a larger thrombus
| (i.e., affecting the rectal artery)
98
What **arrhythmia** is most commonly seen in **cats** with **urethral obstruction**?
Atrial standstill
## Footnote
You typically see bradyarrhythmias due to hyperkalemia; however, sympathetic activation may increase heart rate, so check an ECG on all urethral obstruction cats.
99
Which type of **urinary stone** in cats is most likely to respond to **medical dissolution**?
Struvite stones
## Footnote
Feed a dissolution diet that is acidifying and low in struvite precursors.
100
# True or False:
Data from a **urinalysis** will allow the vet to predict what kind of **urolith** is present in a **cat**.
FALSE
## Footnote
Crystalluria is inconsistent in cats with uroliths.
101
# True or False:
Once **calcium oxalate** bladder stones are removed from a **cat** via cystotomy, they will not **recur**.
FALSE
## Footnote
Calcium oxalate stones are expected to recur in cats. This is why increasing water consumption and feeding a prescription diet for these stones is so crucial after surgery.
102
What is the cornerstone of **treatment** for **idiopathic hepatic lipidosis** in **cats**?
Nutrition
## Footnote
Esophageal feeding tubes are often necessary to ensure adequate caloric and protein intake. Disorder will not resolve without this.
103
Which disease in **cats** is associated with feline **fragile skin syndrome**?
Hyperadrenocorticism
104
Why is it necessary to remove ***Cuterebra*** larvae from a cat's subcutis **intact**?
Rupture can lead to chronic foreign body reaction, secondary infection, or possibly anaphylaxis
105
What is the most common trigger for **eosinophilic skin lesions** in **cats**?
Flea bite hypersensitivity is most common, followed by environmental or food allergies
106
How does the **prognosis** for **feline splenic mast cell tumor** differ from canine splenic mast cell tumor?
Prognosis for cats with splenic mast cell tumor is much better than dogs
## Footnote
Splenectomized cats have a median survival time of ~ 800 days.
107
What are the **two** most common **treatments** for **nasopharyngeal polyps** in **cats**?
1. Traction avulsion (minimally invasive, but 15-50% risk of regrowth)
2. Ventral bulla osteotomy
108
What **biochemical values** are most commonly **elevated** in cats with **hyperthyroidism**?
* Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
* Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
109
What **biochemical values** need to be closely monitored in cats starting **treatment** for **hyperthyroidism**?
Renal values
| (because treating hyperthyroidism can unmask chronic kidney disease)
## Footnote
Treating hyperthyroidism lowers renal blood flow, reducing clearance of BUN and creatinine.
110
What primary disease is most commonly associated with a **plantigrade** stance in **cats**?
Diabetes mellitus
| (causes diabetic neuropathy)
111
What is the most common **primary intraocular neoplasm** in **cats**?
Diffuse iridial melanoma
112
What drug may be **contraindicated** in **cats** with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve?
Pimobendan
| (the resultant increased cardiac contractility may worsen outflow tract
113
What is a common non-pathogenic cause of **heart murmurs** in **cats**?
Dynamic right ventricular outflow tract obstruction
| (also called "DR. VOTO")
114
What **two tests**, in combination, result in the greatest diagnostic accuracy of **pancreatitis** in **cats**?
1. Abdominal ultrasound
2. Feline pancreatic lipase
115
# True or False:
**Cats**, like dogs, develop **osteoarthritis** secondary to orthopedic **conformation**.
FALSE
| (except Maine Coon cats, which get hip dysplasia)
116
What type of **anemia** may be seen with **chronic renal disease** in **cats** and what is the **mechanism**?
Non-regenerative anemia; due to reduced production of erythropoietin by kidney cells
117
Drugs of which **class** can be used to treat **anemia** associated with **chronic renal failure in cats**?
Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents
| (e.g., darbepoetin and molidustat)
118
What is the **ear-pedal reflex** of a **cat**?
When handling a mite-infected ear, the ipsilateral pelvic limb scratches the ear
## Footnote
This is such a profound reflex it is sometimes seen in anesthetized cats!
119
A **cat** presents with an **aural hematoma**. What other **common condition** is the cat most likely to have?
Ear mites
## Footnote
They are very pruritic, cause head-shaking, which breaks blood vessels and causes aural hematomas.
120
Why is **ketoconazole** contraindicated in **cats**?
Causes anorexia
121
What **three** criteria need to be met to be sure you achieved **clinical cure** of **dermatophytosis** in a **cat**?
1. Lesion resolution
2. Negative Wood's lamp of hair shaft (not tips)
3. Negative dermatophyte culture
122
What is the most common reason for a **cat** to have a **miliary dermatitis**?
Flea allergy dermatitis
## Footnote
Cats develop hypersensitivity reaction to flea saliva.
123
**How many** fleas or flea bites are necessary to cause **flea allergy dermatitis**?
Just one to two
| (some cats with flea allergy dermatitis have no live fleas on them!)
## Footnote
A cat's hypersensitivity reaction to flea saliva is very strong.
124
What is the most **definitive** way to diagnose **flea allergy dermatitis**?
Response to appropriate flea infestation treatment
125
What is the **second-most** common type of **neoplasia** in **cats**?
Skin tumors
| (account for 20% of all neoplasia in cats)
## Footnote
Round cell tumors are #1 most common in cats.
126
**Why** should **cats** with chronic kidney disease be assessed for **hypertension**?
Hypertension narrows blood vessels, reducing renal blood flow and exacerbating kidney injury over time
127
Which **cat breed** is most predisposed to developing **polycystic kidney disease**?
Persian cats
128
What **treatment** improves **prognosis** in cats with **lily intoxication**, and **when** should it be implemented?
Aggressive fluid diuresis, before anuric renal failure develops
129
What is the most likely cause of **prehepatic icterus** in a cat?
Hemotropic mycoplasmosis
130
What are the **three** most common proposed **modes of transmission** of **hemotropic mycoplasmosis** in cats?
* Arthropod-mediated
* Fighting
* Transplacental
131
What **treatment** completely eliminates ***Mycoplasma hemofelis*** infection?
None!
| (and it may recrudesce during stress or other illness)
## Footnote
Treatment with antibiotics (tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones) resolves the anemia, but no treatment completely eliminates the disease.
132
Is primary or secondary **hepatic lipidosis** most common in **cats**?
Secondary
## Footnote
Anorexia develops with systemic disease such as pancreatitis or GI disease, leading to hepatic lipidosis. Primary, where a previously healthy cat no longer eats due to stress, is much less common.
133
What are the **two** most common forms of **cholangitis** in **cats**?
* Neutrophilic
* Lymphocytic
134
What is the **anatomic difference** between the **common bile duct** of cats and dogs and **why** does this matter?
In cats, common bile duct fuses w/ major pancreatic duct before entering the duodenum (vs. after in dogs); this allows for bacterial reflux into the common bile duct and predisposes to cholangitis and pancreatitis
135
On ultrasounding a cat, you note gall bladder sediment.
**Is this a normal finding?**
No
## Footnote
Gall bladder sediment is an indicator of cholangitis in cats, but it is a normal finding in dogs.
136
In **feline upper respiratory disease**, what is the least common mode of **transmission**?
Aerosolization
## Footnote
The most common modes of transmission are direct contact and fomite transmission.
137
Where does feline **herpesvirus 1** **persist** in the body?
Trigeminal ganglia
| (may recrudesce with stress or other illness)
138
What **tests** are needed to diagnose a **cat** with **heartworm disease**, compared to dogs?
Need to do both antibody and antigen tests on cats
139
What does the feline **heartworm antigen** test assess?
Proteins from adult female worms
140
What is the most common sign of **chronic heartworm disease** that owners note in their **cat**?
Coughing
141
What **blood vessels** are most dramatically affected by **heartworm disease** in **cats**?
Pulmonary arteries, mediated by eosinophils
## Footnote
Feline reaction is worse than dogs because cats are atypical hosts.
142
What **pulmonary parenchymal change** is most commonly seen in **cats** with **heartworm disease**?
Eosinophilic pneumonitis
143
Name **two circumstances** in which a cat with **heartworm disease** might have a **false negative** antigen test?
1. If infected with only male or immature female worms
2. Low worm burden
## Footnote
Antigen test measures proteins made by mature FEMALE worms.
144
Name **three** components of the **treatment** strategy for **heartworm disease** in **cats**.
* Steroids
* Bronchodilators
* Oxygen
* Rest
* Monthly heartworm prevention
* Doxycycline
145
# True or False:
**Cats** with **heartworm disease** are effectively treated with **adulticide**.
FALSE
## Footnote
There is no safe and effective heartworm adulticide for cats. Treatment is slow kill method, steroids, rest, and supportive care.
146
What is the most common **feline** **congenital cardiac defect**?
Ventricular septal defect
| (same in horses, vs. patent ductus arteriosus in dogs)
147
Name **two non-genetic causes** of **left ventricular hypertrophy** in **cats**.
* Hyperthyroidism
* Acromegaly
* Systemic hypertension
* Aortic stenosis
* Infiltrative neoplasia (usually lymphoma)
148
What fraction of the cat population have **innocent heart murmurs**?
One-third of cats
149
Which type of **hernia** in **cats** is most likely to be **congenital**, rather than traumatic?
* A. Hiatal
* B. Pleuroperitoneal
* C. Peritoneopericardial
C. Peritoneopericardial hernias
| (PPDH)
## Footnote
These are most often incidental findings.
150
What is the most **common route** via which **cats** are infected with ***Toxoplasma gondii***?
Ingestion of rodents containing tissue cysts of *Toxoplasma*
151
Name **two** common **ocular** changes seen with **feline toxoplasmosis**?
* Anterior uveitis
* Retinitis
* Optic neuritis
152
What is the most common **systemic fungal disease** in cats?
*Cryptococcus neoformans*
## Footnote
Chronic infection is most common. Most often affects respiratory tract, but can also be systemic, cutaneous, and affect the nervous system.
153
A cat with blindness, behavior changes, and seizures is diagnosed with cryptococcosis.
**What is the preferred treatment?**
Amphotericin B and corticosteroids
## Footnote
If the patient had no CNS signs, fluconazole is treatment of choice.
154
How many times does a **queen** need to **breed** to stimulate **ovulation**?
≥ Four times
155
What might cause an **increased intraocular pressure** in a cat with feline infectious peritonitis (**FIP**) uveitis?
Keratitic precipitates block the iridiocorneal angle
| (leading to increased intraocular pressure/glaucoma)
## Footnote
Remember: uveitis normally causes decreased intraocular pressure.
156
What is a risk of **early-age neuter** in **cats**?
Prepuce and penis fail to separate
| (preventing complete penile extrusion)
157
**Spaying** a queen at **what age** significantly reduces the risk of **mammary carcinoma**?
< One year of age
158
Why is **surgery** on a **feline ureter** riskier than a canine ureter?
Feline ureters are very small (0.4 mm) and easily obstructed by inflammation, swelling, or hemorrhage
| (as occurs during surgery)
159
# True or False:
**Nephroliths** in **cats** are usually **incidental** and rarely cause renal failure.
TRUE
## Footnote
Nephroliths are commonly incidental and infrequently associated with clinical signs in cats.
160
# True or False:
A **cat** diagnosed with an **obstructive ureterolith** should be taken to surgery **immediately** to alleviate the obstruction.
FALSE
## Footnote
Start with medical management to correct bloodwork derangements and potentially move the stone. Ureteral surgery in cats is risky due to their small diameter.
161
Why are **cats** more sensitive to **acetaminophen** than dogs?
Cats lack a glucuronidation pathway to detoxify the drug
## Footnote
Thus, a more potent oxidative metabolite is created.
162
How **long** after ingestion of **acetaminophen** do you expect a **cat** to develop **methemoglobinemia**?
One to 12 hours
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