1
Q
Which picornavirus classically causes cardiomyopathy in calves?
A
Foot and mouth disease virus
2
Q
Which bacteria in cattle are associated with lumpy jaw?
A
Actinomyces bovis
3
Q
What are the common sites of predilection for lesions of bovine leukosis/lymphoma?
A
- Abomasum
- Heart (right atrium)
- +/- uterus
- +/- kidneys/ureters
- +/- lymph nodes
- +/- mandible
- +/- meninges
4
Q
In cattle, which branch of which nerve is responsible for pain caused by dehorning?
A
Cornual nerve, a branch of the zygomaticotemporal division of the maxillary nerve
Which, in turn, is one of the three branches of the trigeminal nerve, CN V.
5
Q
Dorsally-directed manual pressure exerted on the abdominal midline just caudal to the xiphoid elicits signs of pain in a cow.
Which disorder is likely present?
A
Traumatic reticuloperitonitis
(hardware disease)
This is called the “grunt test.” The withers winch test is another for hardware disease. Pinching the withers should make the cow ventroflex; failure to do so suggests cranial abdominal pain.
6
Q
On a feedlot, cows develop severe rhinitis and cough two weeks after arrival of new stock. Abortions occur a few weeks later.
What is the most likely etiology?
A
Bovine herpesvirus-1
(infectious bovine rhinotracheitis)
7
Q
What is the causative agent of contagious bovine pyelonephritis?
A
Corynebacterium renale
8
Q
Which syndrome in cattle, characterized by hemoptysis, results from ruminitis with subsequent development of liver abscesses?
A
Caudal vena cava syndrome
9
Q
Describe the typical acid/base and electrolyte disturbances that characterize a long-standing abomasal outflow obstruction in a cow.
A
- Hypochloremia
- Hypokalemia
- Metabolic alkalosis
10
Q
A cow in Nevada aborts in the last trimester, and the dead fetus shows lymphadenopathy, mucosal petechiae on the underside of the tongue, and hepatosplenomegaly.
What is the most likely diagnosis?
A
Epizootic bovine abortion
(foothill abortion)
11
Q
At which stage of gestation would an infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus likely produce a persistently infected animal?
- A. 0 - 45 days
- B. 45 - 125 days
- C. 125 -175 days
- D. Over 175 days
A
B. 45 - 125 days
12
Q
Which species of Cryptosporidium found commonly in cattle is considered zoonotic?
A
Cryptosporidium parvum
13
Q
Necrotic laryngitis (or calf diphtheria) is caused by the invasion of which bacteria into the cartilage of the larynx?
A
Fusobacterium necrophorum
14
Q
Advanced stages of this disease in adult cattle may cause lethargy, weakness, emaciation, “pipestream” diarrhea, hypoproteinemia, and intermandibular edema (“bottle jaw”).
What is the disease?
A
Johne’s disease
(Mycobacterium avium sbsp. paratuberculosis)
15
Q
What is the most common skin tumor of cattle?
A
Papillomas
This is caused by bovine papillomavirus.
16
Q
Which essential ingredient should be added to a dry-cow diet to prevent milk fever (bovine parturient paresis or hypocalcemia)?
A
Anionic salts
17
Q
If it were necessary to amputate one of the digits on a cow’s foot, what would be the preferred method of desensitizing that region?
A
Intravenous local analgesia
(most commonly a Bier block)
18
Q
In a feedlot, which component of the diet is generally overfed if cattle are developing frothy bloat?
A
Concentrate
19
Q
What is the causative etiologic agent of blackleg?
A
Clostridium chauvoei
20
Q
Bovine ulcerative mammilitis is caused by which virus?
A
Bovine herpesvirus-2
21
Q
Which anatomical structure makes it difficult to catheterize the urethra of bulls?
A
Urethral diverticulum/recess; sigmoid flexure
22
Q
Which tick-borne disease of cattle is associated with high fever, intravascular hemolysis, neurologic signs, and death?
A
Babesiosis
(also known as “red water” or “tick fever”)
23
Q
Insidious onset but progressive clinical signs of apprehensive behavior, aggressiveness, hyperesthesia, and incoordination, which are mainly seen in older dairy cows, are indicative of an infectious disease first reported in 1986.
What is it?
A
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
The most important differential is rabies, due to its zoonotic potential.
24
Q
Which breed of cattle is most commonly affected by ocular squamous cell carcinoma?
A
Herefords
25
**Lymphoma** associated with bovine leukemia virus (**BLV**) occurs most often in which one of the following **age groups**:
* A. < 6 months
* B. 1-2 years
* C. > 5 years
C. > 5 years
26
What is the major route of **transmission** for ***Neospora caninum*** in cattle?
Transplacental (vertical) transmission
27
What is the most likely **direction** of a **femoral head dislocation** in a cow?
Cranial and dorsal
28
Which drug is commonly used for **treating** cows that have **follicular cysts**?
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
| (GnRH)
## Footnote
This causes release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary.
29
Bovine **trichomoniasis** is caused by which **organism**?
*Tritrichomonas foetus*
30
Which **two coccidia** species are responsible for **hemorrhagic diarrhea** in cattle?
* *Eimeria bovis*
* *Eimeria zuernii*
31
Which of the following **hormones lengthens diestrus** in the bovine?
* A. Estrogen
* B. Gonadotrophin releasing hormone
* C. Progesterone
* D. Prostaglandin F2α
C. Progesterone
32
What is the pathologic **mechanism** of **persistent infection** with bovine viral diarrhea virus (**BVDV**)?
Animals become persistently infected with BVDV if the fetus is exposed to the virus before development of the immune system
## Footnote
This results in immune tolerance as the virus is recognized as "self."
33
Name **two viral diseases** associated with the **bovine respiratory disease complex**.
* Bovine viral diarrhea virus
* Bovine respiratory syncytial virus
* Bovine herpes virus-1
* Parainfluenza type 3
34
On a dairy farm, several calves show clinical signs, including ear droop, ptosis, head shaking, and scratching/rubbing of the ear. Upon closer examination, you realize that some calves also have swollen joints.
**What is the most likely etiology?**
*Mycoplasma bovis*
## Footnote
Infection can result in middle/inner ear infection, as well as arthritis and synovitis in calves.
35
A cow presents with a sudden onset of seizures. The owner noticed that the animal had become more aggressive and seemed to vocalize frequently.
**Which environmental toxicant should be considered?**
Lead
| (DDx: polio, rabies, bovine spongiform encephalopathy)
## Footnote
Polioencephalomalacia may look similar, but animals with lead toxicosis are more prone to seizures, vocalizing, and aggression.
36
Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) are the major source of energy in cows. The principal VFAs are acetate, propionate, and butyrate.
**Which of these is glucogenic?**
Propionate
## Footnote
It enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle at the level of succinyl CoA.
37
You palpate a cow's ovary and determine that a 3.8 cm (1.5 inch)-diameter follicle is present.
**Is this normal, or are you suspicious of a follicular cyst?**
This suggests a follicular cyst, as would any follicle > 2.5 cm (1 inch) in diameter in a cow.
38
A three-day-old calf presents with bilateral pelvic limb lameness that has been present since birth. The owner reports the calf required manual extraction to free the hind limbs.
**What is the most likely diagnosis?**
Femoral nerve damage
## Footnote
Use of excessive force to free the calf during "hip lock" causes hip hyperextension and puts traction on the femoral nerve or its roots.
39
Which of the following is **NOT** useful to **estimate** the duration of **gestation** in the bovine?
* A. Fetal size and crown-to-nose measurement
* B. Length of the amnionic vesicle
* C. Location of the cervix
* D. Placentome size at the uterine bifurcation
C. Location of the cervix
## Footnote
The rest are methods used to determine duration of pregnancy.
40
**"Grass tetany"** of cattle is a result of which **metabolic** abnormality?
Hypomagnesemia
| (often triggered by lush pasture)
41
After **which day** of pregnancy is a **fetal membrane slip** palpable on a cow's rectal exam?
30-35 days
## Footnote
The membrane slip is palpable in the pregnant horn at 30–35 days and becomes palpable in the nonpregnant horn by approximately day 70.
42
A dairy cow shows acute onset of agalactia, anorexia, fever, and severe depression. The front right quarter is swollen and warm to palpation. A serous fluid can be milked from this quarter. The cow dies six hours after the onset of clinical signs.
**What is the most likely diagnosis?**
Peracute coliform mastitis
43
A farmer presents a calf due to "dropping" of the hip and hock. On examination, you identify right hindlimb paresis with overflexion of the fetlock. One week prior to presentation, the calf received an IM injection in the same limb.
**What is the most likely diagnosis?**
Sciatic nerve paralysis
44
**Calving paralysis** causes abduction and flexion of both hindlimbs in cattle due to parturient trauma of **which paired nerve**?
The obturator nerves
## Footnote
Alternatively, if the cow's fetlocks also are flexed, suspect peroneal paralysis.
45
Several dairy cows are moderately lame and have decreased milk production. On the skin proximal to the interdigital space you see multiple wartlike growths, mostly on the plantar aspect of the hind feet.
**What is your primary differential diagnosis?**
Papillomatous digital dermatitis
| (foot warts or hairy heel warts)
46
Which **three** major **serum mineral imbalances** can result in recumbency in cows ("**downer cow syndrome**")?
1. Hypocalcemia
2. Hypomagnesemia
3. Hypophosphatemia
47
In the “**OVSYNCH**” system for timed artificial insemination of cattle, the second dose of gonadotropin releasing hormone (**GnRH**) is given to:
* A. Assist in early corpus luteum formation
* B. Destroy any luteal tissue
* C. Recruit a new follicular wave
* D. Stimulate ovulation
D. Stimulate ovulation
48
How can you explain that **hyperlactatemic calves** have a **normal** blood lactate measurement?
They predominantly have high circulating d-lactate levels, whereas analyzers measure l-lactate
49
Why do immature neutrophils ("**bands**") appear quickly in the blood during **acute inflammation** in cattle?
Cattle have a small bone marrow reserve of mature neutrophils
50
What is the most likely source of **high** serum gamma glutamyltransferase (**GGT**) levels in a one-week-old **calf**?
Passive transfer through colostrum
51
One week after receiving a new batch of grain, a farmer reports his cattle are experiencing redness and swelling from the coronary band to the fetlock - particularly in the hind limbs. Some cows have similar lesions on the tips of the ears and teats.
**What is the suspected diagnosis?**
Ergot poisoning is the likely cause
| (test the grain for the fungus *Claviceps purpurea*)
## Footnote
These lesions are identical to those caused by fungus-infested tall fescue grass.
52
Why does **metabolic alkalosis** predispose cows to subclinical **hypocalcemia** and **milk fever**?
Metabolic alkalosis blunts the response to parathyroid hormone (PTH)
53
Bovine **pyelonephritis** and ovine posthitis ("**pizzle rot**") are associated with infection by which **organism**?
*Corynebacterium renale*
54
Which **bacterial etiologic agent** is responsible for **septic vasculitis** with secondary **thrombosis** in the CNS of cattle?
*Histophilus somni*
| (thrombotic meningoencephalitis)
55
Which etiologic **agent** is associated with the bovine **adult** form of **multicentric lymphoma**?
Bovine leukosis virus
| (family Retroviridae)
56
The blood supply to the cow's **udder** comes primarily from **which artery**?
External pudendal artery
57
In a cow with mastitis, the mammary lymph nodes may be enlarged.
**Where are these nodes located?**
Dorsal to the udder - between the lateral laminae of the suspensory apparatus of the udder and the medial aspect of the hindlimb
58
What is the leading cause of **streptococcal mastitis** in dairy cattle in North America?
*Streptococcus uberis*
59
Which **virus** is the most common cause of **neonatal diarrhea** in calves?
Rotavirus
60
What are the two synergistically-acting causative **agents** of **footrot** in cattle?
* *Fusobacterium necrophorum*
* *Bacteroides melaninogenicus*
## Footnote
*Prevotella* spp. also often contribute.
61
What is the **treatment** of choice for a urinary tract infection (**UTI)** caused by ***Corynebacterium renale*** in an adult cow?
Penicillin
## Footnote
*C. renale* is a commensal, opportunistic organism of the caudal bovine reproductive tract.
62
What is a **balling gun** and how may it **injure** a bovine patient?
A metal tube-and-plunger instrument that can cause pharyngeal trauma with excessive force
| (used for oral administration of medication tablets, boluses, or magnets
63
A dystocia presents with a dead fetus and you decide to perform a **fetotomy**. Which piece of **equipment** is essential to your success while **protecting** the cow from damage from the procedure?
Fetotome
| (run the saw wire safely through it into the cow)
64
There is a parasite that causes diarrhea in five- to 15-day-old calves that is a potential zoonosis. **What is it?**
*Cryptosporidium parvum*
## Footnote
Cryptosporidiosis is one of the most common causes of protozoal diarrhea in people.
65
What is the name of the condition in which a single born calf has **female external genitalia** but **male gonads and reproductive tract**?
Male pseudohermaphroditism
## Footnote
A true hermaphrodite has both male and female reproductive organs.
66
Which **parasite** can cause severe **respiratory distress** in **pastured** cattle?
*Dictyocaulus viviparus*
| (lungworm)
67
What is the adverse effect associated with a cow's consumption of **Ponderosa pine tree** needles in the **last trimester of pregnancy**?
Abortion
68
Which disease in cattle bears similarities to **Crohn's disease **(a chronic enteropathy in humans) although a causative link has not been proven?
Johne's disease
| (*Mycobacterium avium* sbsp. *paratuberculosis* infection)
## Footnote
This produces a granulomatous enteritis similar to Crohn's disease.
69
Which of the following is **not** a **cardinal sign of pregnancy** in cattle: membrane slip, vesicle, cotyledons, fremitis in the uterine artery?
Fremitis
## Footnote
Fremitis in the uterine artery is not considered a cardinal sign of pregnancy (too variable). However, when it is present, it is first detectable from 110 to 150 days of gestation.
70
What is the **treatment** for **clinical ketosis** in dairy cattle?
Parenteral glucose administration followed by oral propylene glycol
71
What is a **dry cow**?
A cow that is not currently lactating
| (typically the last 60 days of gestation)
## Footnote
This period allows the udder to involute and heal and devotes all of her dietary energy towards growth of the calf.
72
What is **omphalophlebitis**, and how is it best **prevented** in calves?
Infection of the umbilical veins
| (usually ascending)
## Footnote
Prevention mainly requires optimal hygiene and sanitation (e.g., clean bedding) at the time of birth; application of antiseptics (e.g., iodine) to the umbilicus may also be beneficial.
73
Which organism is the **most common isolate** in cattle with bacterial **endocarditis**?
*Trueperella pyogenes*; followed by *Streptococcus* spp.
74
If a cow ingests poison hemlock or lupines between days 40 and 75 of pregnancy, a characteristic lesion may be apparent in the calf at birth.
**What is the lesion?**
Congenital contractures
## Footnote
"Crooked calf disease"- poison hemlock
Congenital arthrogryposis - lupines
75
What is the most widely used **indicator of mastitis** in individual cows and dairy herds?
Somatic cell count
| (SCC)
## Footnote
It consists primarily of neutrophils and mammary epithelial cells. Inflammation from mastitis causes both of these cell numbers to rise in milk secretions. Milk cannot be sold if SCC is > 400,000.
76
Name at least **two** common infectious etiologic **agents** that cause "**shipping fever**" in cattle?
* *Mannheimia haemolytica*
* *Pasteurella multocida*
* *Mycoplasma* spp.
* Bovine herpesvirus-1
* Bovine respiratory syncytial virus
* Bovine parainfluenza virus-3
77
Which **bacterium** is involved in most **purulent infections** of traumatic or **opportunistic** origin in cattle?
*Trueperella pyogenes*
## Footnote
It is a ubiquitous commensal of the mucous membranes and skin of cattle and produces various virulence factors helping it invade damaged tissues.
78
Name **two** causative agents of infectious **bovine keratoconjunctivitis**, the most common ocular disease of cattle?
| (IBK, a.k.a. "pinkeye")
* *Moraxella bovis*
* *Moraxella bovoculi*
79
Plants of the genus ***Lantana*** can be toxic to cattle. Name the **two organ systems** most affected?
* Liver (hepatotoxicosis)
* Integument (phototoxicosis)
80
What agent causes **granulomatous inflammation** in the **digestive** tract in cattle?
*Mycobacterium avium* subsp. *paratuberculosis*
81
In cattle, the "**pin bone**" refers to which anatomic structure?
Ischiatic tuberosity
82
IV injections should almost never be given into the mammary vein of a cow because doing so is associated with at least four possible complications (in addition to you getting kicked). **What are they?**
* Mammary vein thrombosis
* Mammary phlebitis
* Persistent unilateral mammary edema
* Laceration of the mammary vein
* Endocarditis
83
Is a **right flank omentopexy** suitable for treating a left-sided abomasal displacement, a right-sided abomasal displacement, or both?
Both
84
What **mastitis pathogen** in **cattle** causes **life-long infection** in the udder with only sporadic shedding, making it difficult to diagnose in a herd?
*Staphylococcus aureus*
85
What measure in a **breeding soundness exam** of a **bull** is best correlated with potential **sperm production**?
Scrotal circumference
86
What **heritable condition** can cause a bull's penis to **deviate ventrally** during mating activity?
Persistent penile frenulum, in which a band of tissue persists between the glans penis and the prepuce
87
A calf is born with opisthotonos, a wide-legged stance, nystagmus, and blindness. The dam tests positive for bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus.
**What is causing these clinical signs in the calf?**
Cerebellar hypoplasia and atrophy
## Footnote
If the dam is infected between 100-200 days of gestation, the subsequent inflammation kills cerebellar tissue.
88
What organism that **parasitizes bovine red blood cells** can be transmitted by ticks, biting insects, and blood-contaminated tools?
*Anaplasma marginale*
89
Ingestion of what plant can cause **acute respiratory distress** in **cattle** with pulmonary edema and emphysema?
Perilla mint
## Footnote
Similar signs can also be seen with 3-methylindole toxicity from lush pasture high in tryptophan and 4-ipomeanol from sweet potato infected with *Fusarium solani*.
90
Infection by ***Histophilus somni*** in **feedlot cattle** causes what clinical disease?
Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis
| (TEME)
91
An adult dairy cow presents with dropped ear and ptosis and is seen pacing in a circle and head-pressing.
**What is the most likely diagnosis?**
Listeriosis
| (caused by *Listeria monocytogenes*)
92
An 18-month-old feedlot steer presents with acute onset of moist, painful cough, inspiratory dyspnea, and hypersalivation. A fetid odor is detected on the breath.
**What is the most likely diagnosis?**
Necrotic laryngitis
| (a.k.a. calf diphtheria)
## Footnote
This is caused by *Fusobacterium necrophorum* infection.
93
An outbreak of **polioencephalomyelitis** occurs on a feedlot in August after consumption of contaminated water. What is the most likely **mineral** to have caused this contamination and subsequent disease?
Sulfur
94
What is the prognosis for a **multiparous cow** treated promptly for a **uterine prolapse** immediately **post-partum**?
Good to excellent for mature, multiparous cows
| (but poor for first-calf heifers)
## Footnote
Prognosis depends on age and parity.
95
A dairy cow presents with fetal membranes hanging from the vulva 18 hours after calving.
**What is the recommended treatment and prognosis?**
* Trim protruding membranes if needed; do not forcibly pull
* Prognosis is good to excellent
## Footnote
Most cows spontaneously expel retained membranes within 3–11 days, and aggressive intervention is unnecessary unless systemic illness occurs (unlike mares!).
96
Which **microbes** are most commonly involved in **post-partum endometritis** in **cows**, and how is it **treated**?
Microbes: *Trueperella pyogenes* (often + *Fusobacterium necrophorum*)
Treatment:
* Systemic antimicrobials
* NSAIDs
* PGF₂α if a persistent corpus luteum is present
* Generally avoid uterine lavage
97
How is **bovine campylobacteriosis** primarily **spread** within a herd?
Venereally
| (by infected bulls via natural mating or contaminated semen)
## Footnote
Some bulls become chronic carriers even without clinical signs.
98
A young heifer in the Northeast presents recumbent with a stiff gait, dyspnea, and arrhythmias.
**What nutritional deficiency should be suspected, and how is it treated?**
* Selenium deficiency
* Treat with an appropriate dose of injectable selenium (often combined with vitamin E) and provide supportive care
99
How much **high-quality colostrum** should a **neonatal calf** receive to ensure adequate passive transfer?
Approximately 4 L within the first two hours of life
## Footnote
This volume maximizes IgG absorption and reduces the risk of failure of passive transfer.
100
A cow presents with lethargy, drooling, a protruding tongue, and firm swelling of the throatlatch region.
**What is the preferred treatment for the top differential?**
IV sodium iodide, sometimes combined with systemic penicillin, is the treatment for wooden tongue
| (caused by *Actinobacillus lignieresii*)
## Footnote
Treatment softens fibrotic lesions and typically results in an excellent prognosis.
101
How can you differentiate **free-gas bloat** from frothy bloat in **cattle**, and how does **treatment** differ?
Pass a stomach tube:
* Free-gas bloat: releases large volumes of gas and resolves
* Frothy bloat: oozes frothy ingesta with little relief
Treatment:
* Free-gas bloat: relieve obstruction and allow eructation
* Frothy bloat: administer antifoaming agents (oil, DSS, poloxalene) or emergency rumen trocar/rumenotomy if severe
102
A multiparous dairy cow within 30 days of calving shows partial anorexia, decreased milk production, scant stool, and a high-pitched “ping” along the left abdominal wall.
**What is the diagnosis and typical treatment?**
* Left displaced abomasum (LDA)
* Treat medically in mild cases or surgically via roll-and-toggle, abomasopexy, or omentopexy
## Footnote
LDA is common post-partum, usually non-emergent, and has an excellent prognosis with appropriate intervention.
103
Which **nerve block** is most commonly used to provide analgesia for a **standing surgery** (i.e., abomasopexy) in a **cow** with a displaced abomasum (**DA**)?
Paravertebral nerve block
## Footnote
It blocks the T13, L1, and L2 spinal nerves to desensitize the flank for standing abdominal surgery.
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