1
Q
What is the name of a female ferret? And of a baby ferret?
A
- Female ferret: jill
- Offspring: kits
2
Q
Which raccoon parasite is a cause of larva migrans in children?
A
Baylisascaris procyonis
3
Q
When drawing blood from a ferret for hematologic and biochemical panels, which two venipuncture sites are commonly used that provide the appropriate sample volume (about 1.5 mL)?
A
- The jugular vein
- The cranial vena cava
4
Q
Which infectious agent most commonly causes gastritis in ferrets in North America?
A
Helicobacter mustelae
5
Q
What can cause bilaterally symmetric alopecia in male and female ferrets, beginning at the tail and moving cranially?
A
Hyperadrenocorticism
6
Q
Antibiotic-associated enterotoxemia in guinea pigs is a sequela of intestinal overgrowth of which bacterium?
A
Clostridium difficile
7
Q
At age seven to eight months, female guinea pigs undergo a permanent change that predisposes them to dystocia.
What is it?
A
Permanent fusion of the pelvic symphysis
Therefore it is recommended to make sure a sow delivers her first litter before this age.
8
Q
At what age are guinea pigs sexually mature?
A
- Two months of age in females
- Three months in males
9
Q
Which common tumor of mice has an incidence as high as 70% in some strains?
A
Mammary tumor
(adenocarcinomas > fibrosarcomas)
Almost always malignant; vs. in rats they are usually benign fibroadenomas.
10
Q
What is the causative agent of proliferative ileitis of hamsters?
A
Lawsonia intracellularis
The same bacteria that cause proliferative enteritis in pigs and equine proliferative enteropathy.
11
Q
Which normal behavior of rabbits is an important oral source of protein and vitamins B and K that does not require the rabbit to eat more food?
A
Coprophagy
12
Q
This oral tumor in prairie dogs may be associated with maloccluded incisors and dyspnea.
A
Odontoma
13
Q
Which infectious disease of rabbits can present with sudden death and eyelid edema?
A
Myxomatosis
(caused by a poxvirus)
It is a fatal, globally distributed disease of domestic rabbits, causing mucinous skin lesions (“big head”), transmitted by arthropod vectors or direct contact; vs. wild rabbits are largely resistant.
14
Q
How is ringtail (a condition characterized by annular constrictions on the tails of rats) prevented?
A
Ensure ambient humidity is always at least 50%
15
Q
What is the most common cause of diarrhea in chinchillas?
A
Inappropriate feeding
16
Q
What is the normal gestation period for ferrets?
A
40-42 days
17
Q
If not restrained carefully, rabbits can kick and sustain a spinal fracture. At what vertebra does this typically occur?
A
Seventh lumbar vertebra
18
Q
The consistency of rabbit urine is often thick and creamy. Why?
A
Urine contains precipitates of calcium carbonate, reflective of dietary calcium
19
Q
What does measuring the anogenital distance tell you in a juvenile rat?
A
Gender
20
Q
What is “ophthalmia neonatorum” of ferrets?
A
Infection of the unopened eyes of kits
21
Q
Erythema on the chin of ferrets followed by swelling and crust formation around the lips and chin is characteristic of which viral disease?
A
Canine distemper
22
Q
What is the average litter size for guinea pigs?
A
Two to four
A range of one to 13 young has been reported.
23
Q
A rabbit presenting with a solitary, nonpainful, subcutaneous swelling with a “breathing hole” is most likely infested with which fly larva?
A
Cuterebra spp.
24
Q
Prostatomegaly with secondary urethral obstruction in a middle-aged to geriatric castrated male ferret is most likely secondary to what condition?
A
Adrenocortical disease
25
What is the **gestation period** for **guinea pigs**?
59-72 days
| (average, 68 days)
26
Are most **mammary neoplasms** in **rats** and **hamsters** benign or malignant?
Benign
## Footnote
In contrast to mice and gerbils, where most are malignant.
27
The spirochete ***Treponema paraluiscuniculi*** is the causative organism of **which venereal disease**?
Rabbit syphilis or vent disease
28
**Improper restraint** of a **gerbil** by the tail is classically associated with which resultant injury?
Degloving of the tail
| (a.k.a. tail-slip)
29
This **zoonotic pathogen** of **wild rabbits and rodents** may cause cutaneous lesions, respiratory disease, or meningitis.
*Francisella tularensis*
## Footnote
Causing "rabbit fever" or tularemia.
30
# Fill in the blank:
The **dermatophyte** most commonly isolated from **guinea pigs and chinchillas** is \_\_\_\_\_\_.
*Trichophyton mentagrophytes*
## Footnote
Common in guinea pigs and uncommon in chinchillas; usually causes minimal pruritus.
31
A juvenile guinea pig presents with inappetence, reluctance to move, gingival hemorrhages, and loose teeth. Enlarged costochondral junctions are present on radiographs.
**What is the most likely diagnosis?**
Hypovitaminosis C
| ("scurvy")
## Footnote
Guinea pigs require daily vitamin C supplementation.
32
Which common cause of diarrhea do owners of **ferrets** often refer to as "**green slime disease**"?
Epizootic catarrhal enteritis
| (ECE)
## Footnote
It is highly contagious and usually spread by an asymptomatic juvenile newly introduced to the group.
33
Which **disease** of **ferrets** typically causes **hypoglycemia**, **seizures**, collapse, weakness, and muscle fasciculations?
Insulinoma
34
Which **parvovirus** causes chronic, progressive **weight loss** in **ferrets**?
Aleutian disease virus
35
**Chronic dental disease** is known to lead to which **infectious** complication in **rabbits**?
Abscessation
36
What is the **gestation length** of the **rabbit**?
30-32 days
37
When examining the vulva of a **spayed female ferret** you notice **vulvar enlargement**. This is consistent with which **two** disorders?
* Adrenal disease
* Ovarian remnant
## Footnote
Adrenal disease is much more common.
38
You have a **ferret** requiring a **blood transfusion**. Even though the patient is stable, you do not take the time to perform **blood typing or crossmatching**. Why?
Ferrets lack detectable blood groups
| (so typing/cross-matching are unnecessary)
39
Splenomegaly in a **ferret** prompts you to perform a **splenic aspiration**. You know the **two** most common findings on cytologic examination in ferrets with splenomegaly are:
* Extramedullary hematopoiesis
* Lymphoma
40
**Ferrets** should be **vaccinated** against which two diseases?
* Canine distemper
* Rabies
41
**Diazoxide** is used singly or in combination with prednisone to medically manage which **neoplastic condition in ferrets**?
Insulinoma
## Footnote
Both drugs help to raise blood glucose levels.
42
This **parasite** causes a thick, red-brown **crusting** of the external ear canal of **rabbits**.
*Psoroptes cuniculi*
## Footnote
Very common and highly contagious between rabbits.
43
This **bacterium** is the major component of **chronic respiratory disease** in **rats**.
*Mycoplasma pulmonis*
44
Which **biochemical abnormality** would likely be seen in a **sugar glider** with hindlimb paralysis secondary to **nutritional osteodystrophy** (metabolic bone disease)?
Hypocalcemia
| (and hypoproteinemia)
## Footnote
A sugar glider is a small marsupial with a light brown coat and large brown eyes, native to Australasia.
45
**Anting or self-anointing** is normal behavior of **hedgehogs** characterized by:
Application of frothy saliva to their spines
## Footnote
This may be self-defence, marking, or an attempt to camouflage/deter predators.
46
**Ferrets** should be fed a diet high in which **two dietary components**?
* Fat
* Protein
47
Female ferrets are induced ovulators. If not induced to ovulate, which hormonal level may remain elevated for months.
**How could this be hazardous to the animal's health?**
In the absence of ovulation, serum estrogen levels remain high, which can cause bone marrow aplasia/aplastic anemia
48
What is the most common **subcutaneous tumor** in the **rat**?
Fibroadenoma of the mammary glands
| (usually benign)
49
Which of the following **antibiotics** should **NOT** be used in **rodents**?
* A. Enrofloxacin
* B. Streptomycin
* C. Chloramphenicol
B. Streptomycin
50
Which infectious disease of **rabbits** can lead to **cataract formation** after ***in utero*** infection?
Encephalitozoonosis
## Footnote
*Encephalitozoon cuniculi* is a common, environmentally resistant microsporidian infection in rabbits transmitted in utero or via urine.
51
70% of the rabbits in an outdoor breeding facility die acutely, and necropsy reveals blood-tinged nasal discharge, pulmonary edema, and multifocal ecchymoses.
**What is the most likely etiology?**
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus
| (Family *Caliciviridae*, Genus *Lagovirus*)
52
Which disease is commonly known as '**lumps**' in **guinea pigs**?
Cervical lymphadentitis
| (most often *Streptococcus equi* sbsp. *zooepidemicus*)
53
Which **compound** can be intermittently excreted in **rabbit urine** and is often mistaken for hematuria?
Porphyrin
54
Are most **mammary neoplasms** in **mice and gerbils** benign or malignant?
Malignant
## Footnote
In contrast to rats and hamsters, where most are benign.
55
Which **external parasite** is the most likely cause of intense **pruritus** and dorsal truncal **alopecia** in the **guinea pig**?
Mites
| (mange)
## Footnote
Notably *Trixacarus caviae* in the guinea pig.
56
What are **three** common causes of **hypoglycemia** in **ferrets**?
* Insulinoma (most common)
* Iatrogenic hypoadrenocorticism
* Liver disease
* Sepsis
* Neoplasia
* Reduced intake (in juveniles/kits)
57
What is the **treatment** of choice for **ferrets** with **estrogen toxicosis**?
Ovariohysterectomy
58
Although causality has not been proven, an association exists between **gastrointestinal lymphoma** and which **enteric bacterium** in **ferrets**?
*Helicobacter mustelae*
59
What is the most simple, gentle **restraint technique** of **ferrets** that appears to relax and immobilize them for simple procedures?
Suspension of the ferret's body by grasping the loose skin at the nape of the neck
| (holding by the scruff)
60
Which one of these is common in ferrets:
* A. Demodectic mange
* B. Otodectic mange
* C. Sarcoptic mange
B. Otodectic mange
| (ear mites - *Otodectes cynotis*)
61
What is the most common **skin tumor** of **ferrets**?
Mast cell tumor
## Footnote
Mast cell tumors in ferrets release vasoactive substances but rarely metastasize.
62
Which **diet** predisposes **rabbits** to **gastric stasis** syndrome?
* A. High carbohydrate/low fiber
* B. Low carbohydrate/high fiber
* C. Diet has no significant effect on this syndrome
A. High carbohydrate/low fiber
## Footnote
Fiber promotes peristalsis.
63
Which **zoonotic skin mite** causes profuse **scaling**, **alopecia** (typically in the interscapular region), and variable degrees of **pruritus** in **rabbits**?
*Cheyletiella* spp. mites
| ("walking dandruff")
64
**Ferrets** are susceptible to all the following infectious diseases **except one**. Which one?
* A. Canine distemper
* B. Feline panleukopenia
* C. Heartworm disease
* D. Rabies
B. Feline panleukopenia
## Footnote
Ferrets can get canine distemper, heartworm disease, and rabies.
65
What is the most common form of **neoplasia** in the **rabbit**, affecting up to 60% of does over three years of age?
Uterine adenocarcinoma
66
Which **microsporidial** organism is associated with **vestibular disease** in **rabbits**?
*Encephalitozoon cuniculi*
| (causes encephalitozoonosis)
67
Which **tumorigenic virus** causes **cutaneous nodules** in **rabbits**?
Shope papillomavirus
68
This **murine virus** causes acute **respiratory** infection, the symptoms of which are **chattering** and respiratory distress in **mice**.
Sendai virus
69
Which **pet rodent** is predisposed to the development of **pregnancy toxemia**?
Guinea pig
70
Why do **stressed rats** develop **red tears**?
Porphyrin secretions by the Harderian glands, which are large glands located behind the eyes
## Footnote
Stress, illness, or poor husbandry increases porphyrin production, which mixes with tears and stains the fur around the eyes and nose a reddish color (chromodacryorrhea).
71
How long should an adult ferret be fasted prior to **elective surgery**?
One to two hours
| (ferrets have a short gastrointestinal transit time)
## Footnote
Ferrets over two years of age are prone to develop insulinoma, and a longer fast could cause serious hypoglycemica.
72
What is the **normal presurgical fasting interval** for a **rabbit**?
None
| (just make sure there is no food in the oral cavity to avoid aspiration)
## Footnote
Rabbits cannot vomit, and do not need to be fasted prior to anesthesia.
73
What is the most common cause of **unilateral exophthalmos** in **rabbits**?
Abscess
| (usually tooth root)
## Footnote
Less commonly, neoplasia can lead to exophthalmos.
74
Which **gastrointestinal disease** of young **ferrets** is classically associated with **prolapsed rectum** and **tenesmus**?
Proliferative bowel disease
| (caused by *Lawsonia intracellularis*)
75
**Rabbits** fed a diet with **inadequate fiber** are at risk for which gastrointestinal disorder?
Rabbit gastrointestinal syndrome
| (a.k.a. "gastrointestinal stasis")
76
Name a **GnRH analog** used in medical treatment of **adrenocortical disease** in the **ferret**.
* Leuprolide acetate (Lupron®)
* Deslorelin acetate (Suprelorin®)
77
**Which rodent** species commonly develops **follicular ovarian cysts** that cause bilateral nonpruritic flank alopecia and mammary hyperkeratosis?
Guinea pig
78
What is the most common cause of **paraphimosis** in **chinchillas**?
Accumulation of fur around the base of the glans penis
| (a.k.a. "fur ring")
79
**Encephalitozoonosis** commonly affects which **three** organs in **rabbits**?
* Kidneys
* Eyes
* Brain
80
In **ferrets**, which is **larger**: the female or the male?
Male ferrets
## Footnote
The difference is more pronounced in intact animals.
81
Intact **ferrets** experience a normal seasonal change in **body fat**. The weight **difference** may be as great as:
* A. 10%
* B. 25%
* C. 40%
* D. 70%
C. 40%
82
Name **two** of the three **families of antibiotics** that can cause a **fatal enteritis** in **rabbits**, when given orally, by disrupting normal gut flora.
* Penicillins
* Cephalosporins
* Macrolides
83
What is the most common **intestinal parasite** of the **rabbit**, and how often does it cause problems?
*Passalurus ambiguus*, the rabbit pinworm, is nonpathogenic even in large numbers
84
This cause of **hematuria** is the most common **neoplasm** of intact female **rabbits**.
Uterine adenocarcinoma
85
**Tyzzer disease** is a common cause of diarrhea and mortality in many rodents and rabbits. It is caused by which **bacterium**?
*Clostridium piliforme*
## Footnote
Tyzzer disease in foals causes widespread multifocal hepatic necrosis and is usually fatal.
86
Which small mammal cannot **synthesize vitamin C** and therefore requires **supplementation**?
Guinea pig
## Footnote
Hypovitaminosis C causes diarrhea, alopecia, joint pain (from joints), poor condition, hematuria, and petechiae.
87
****What is the most common **skin tumor** of guinea pigs?
Trichofolliculomas
88
What is the most common cause of **acute hindlimb paralysis** in the **rabbit**?
Vertebral fracture or luxation
| (e.g., from incorrect restraint)
89
What is the most common type of **urolith** in **ferrets** living in the United States?
Cystine
## Footnote
It has been associated with grain-free diets and genetics.
90
What are the common clinical signs of **cheyletiellosis** in **rabbits**?
* Alopecia
* Dry to oily seborrhea
* Crusts and erythema
* +/- Pruritus
91
Periocular alopecia and truncation of whiskers in a group of **mice** is due to **barbering**. What is the underlying **cause**?
Behavioral
| (hierarchical)
## Footnote
It is a result of dominant mice chewing off the hair of more submissive cagemates.
92
Chinchillas "dust-bathe" (roll in sand and dry earth) for self-grooming. What is an expected complication of excessive dust-bathing in pet chinchillas that justifies curtailing the duration or frequency of dust baths?
Conjunctivitis
| (due to excess aerosolized dust)
93
An owner states that her adult rabbit begins to eat and then stops after only a few bites. There is hypersalivation.
**You reach for your otoscope for what reason?**
To examine the oral cavity
| (because oral pain causes these signs)
## Footnote
For example, sharp points on the cheek teeth can cause these findings.
NAVLE®
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