1
Q
Fill in the blank:
______ is a process by which events are appraised as threatening or challenging.
A
Stress
Stress is a factor in greater susceptibility to disorders and diseases, and has been linked to conditions like hypertension, headaches, and immune system suppression.
2
Q
Differentiate:
between eustress and distress
(as it pertains to how we perceive stressors)
A
- Eustress is positive and motivates.
- Distress is negative and debilitating.
One student with a big AP Psychology test coming up might feel motivated to study so they can do well (eustress), while another student might feel overwhelmed by the task (distress).
3
Q
Prolonged and extreme stress (abuse and trauma) can be especially debilitating and impact how children respond to stressors long-term. What are these called?
A
Adverse childhood experiences
(ACEs)
4
Q
Define and describe:
the three phases of General Adaptation Syndrome
(GAS)
A
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is the body’s adaptive response to stress.
- Alarm: the sympathetic nervous system is activated.
- Resistance: the immune system is engaged and using bodily resources to fight the stressor.
- Exhaustion: the body’s immune system is becoming depleted and susceptibility to illness increases.
A fight-flight-freeze response occurs during the alarm phase as the stress is confronted.
5
Q
As a response to stress, some withdraw and isolate. Others, however, seek to nurture and support others and seek social connection. Name this concept.
A
Tend-and-befriend response
This is especially observed more frequently in females.
6
Q
Compare and contrast:
problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping
(as it pertains to coping with stress)
A
- Both are methods for dealing with stress.
- Problem-focused coping attempts to alleviate the stress by directly addressing the stressor.
- Emotion-focused coping involves dealing with the emotions surrounding the stress as a means to cope.
7
Q
Fill in the blank:
______ psychology identifies factors that lead to well-being and resilience and help people thrive.
A
Positive
8
Q
Identify:
six positive traits of a person engaged in a pleasant and meaningful life
A
- Wisdom
- Courage
- Humanity
- Justice
- Temperance
- Transcendence
9
Q
What is gratitude?
A
A positive and appreciative state of thankfulness for good things, people, and experiences in one’s life.
Gratitude fosters a more positive subjective well-being and is linked to many health benefits like reduced stress, better sleep, and improved heart health.
10
Q
List and describe:
three factors that help to identify psychological disorders
A
- Dysfunction: thoughts, emotions, and/or behaviors are maladaptive and interfere with normal day-to-day life.
- Distress: people experiencing these thoughts, emotions, and/or behaviors do not like it.
- Deviation: thoughts, emotions, and/or behaviors vary from socially accepted norms.
11
Q
Explain:
how the biopsychosocial approach explains psychological disorders
A
This approach looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences on a person’s thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
This approach would attempt to explain depression by attributing possible factors to chemical imbalances or genetics (biological), negative self-talk or low self-esteem (psychological), and possible isolation and high stress environments (social-cultural).
12
Q
Fill in the blanks:
The ______-______ model proposes that genetic predispositions combine with environmental stressors to influence disorders.
A
diathesis-stress
A person may have a genetic predisposition for a particular disorder, but symptoms will only surface when particular environmental factors are present.
13
Q
List one positive and negative to a psychological disorder diagnosis.
A
- Positive: with a diagnosis, a person can now receive appropriate help.
- Negative: societal stigmas and judgment that can accompany a diagnosis.
14
Q
What is the purpose of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders?
(DSM)
A
The DSM is used by mental health professionals to identify and classify psychological disorders using diagnostic criteria.
15
Q
Fill in the blanks:
The ______ ______ of ______ is used by the World Health Organization to universally code and track trends in psychological disorders.
A
International Classification of Diseases
(ICD)
16
Q
Which psychological perspective contends that abnormal behavior results from internal conflict in the unconscious?
A
Psychodynamic perspective
17
Q
Fill in the blank:
The ______ perspective claims that abnormal behavior results from a lack of social support and the inability to fulfill one’s potential?
A
humanistic
18
Q
Which psychological perspective aims to correct abnormal behavior by changing the faulty or illogical thoughts that characterize it?
A
Cognitive perspective
19
Q
Fill in the blanks:
______ ______ believes that abnormal behavior has at some point been rewarded or reinforced.
A
Behavioral perspective
20
Q
Fill in the blank:
According to the ______ perspective, chemical or structural abnormalities are responsible for the manifestation of abnormal behavior.
A
biological
21
Q
Which perspective explains abnormal behavior as being learned through societal and cultural norms and socioeconomic causes?
A
Sociocultural perspective
22
Q
Fill in the blank:
The ______ perspective believes that the causes of abnormal behavior focus on behaviors and mental processes that reduce the likelihood of survival.
A
evolutionary
23
Q
Name the category of mental disorders that is characterized by excessive fear and/or worry with related disturbances to behavior.
A
Anxiety disorders
24
Q
Fill in the blanks:
______ ______ ______ is characterized by intense fear of being judged or watched by others.
A
Social anxiety disorder
25
# Fill in the blanks:
\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ is a culture-bound anxiety disorder experienced primarily in Japan and some East Asian cultures in which people fear others are judging their bodies as undesirable, offensive, or unpleasing.
Taijin Kyofusho
26
Prolonged feelings of nonspecific dread and worry, along with constant autonomic nervous system arousal, characterize which **disorder**?
Generalized anxiety disorder
27
What factors characterize **panic disorders**?
* recurring panic attacks
* constant worry of another panic attack occurring
28
# Describe:
key characteristics of panic attacks
* Irregular heartbeat
* Shortness of breath
* Choking
* Trembling
* Dizziness
29
# Fill in the blanks:
A culture-bound type of panic disorder experienced mostly by people of Caribbean or Iberian descent is \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Ataque de nervios
30
# Fill in the blanks:
A type of anxiety disorder characterized by fear or anxiety toward a particular object or situation is \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_.
specific phobia
31
# Contrast:
acrophobia and arachnophobia
* **Acrophobia** is an intense fear of heights.
* **Arachnophobia** is an intense fear of spiders.
32
What is **agoraphobia**?
An anxiety disorder characterized by **intense fear and avoidance of places** or situations where **escape might be difficult** or help unavailable.
## Footnote
Avoiding going to the mall or grocery store because of a fear of large crowds is an example of agoraphobia.
33
# Fill in the blanks:
\_\_\_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ is characterized by the presence of intrusive thoughts that often lead to repetitive behaviors.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
| (OCD)
34
# Differentiate:
between obsessions and compulsions
| (as they pertain to OCD)
**Obsessions** are **unwanted** thoughts and **compulsions** are **repetitive** behaviors (often in response to obsessions) that are performed as a coping mechanism.
## Footnote
For example, a person may experience the obsessive thoughts concerned with germs and cleanliness. That could lead to compulsive behaviors like excessive hand washing and grooming.
35
Name the OCD-related disorder that is characterized by persistent **difficulty parting with possessions**.
hoarding disorder
36
What category of disorders is characterized by **exposure to a traumatic or stressful event** with subsequent psychological distress?
Trauma and stressor-related disorders
37
List **major symptoms** of trauma and stressor-related disorders.
* Hypervigilance
* Flashbacks to traumatic or stressful experiences
* Insomnia
* Emotional detachment
* Hostility
* Severe anxiety
38
# Fill in the blanks:
A specific type of trauma and stressor-related disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, social withdrawal, and jumpy anxiety that lasts for 4 weeks or more is \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_.
posttraumatic stress disorder
| (PTSD)
39
# Fill in the blanks:
A positive subjective experience that can occur after a traumatic event is \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_.
posttraumatic growth
## Footnote
People experiencing this often have a deeper appreciation for life, stronger relationships, an increased sense of their own power, and possible changes in priorities.
40
# Fill in the blanks:
\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ are characterized by the presence of sad, empty, or irritable mood along with physical and cognitive changes that impact a person’s ability to function.
Depressive disorders
41
# Compare and contrast:
major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder
* **Major depressive disorder** involves more intense depressive symptoms that disrupt daily life. A diagnosis of major depressive disorder requires at least two weeks of symptoms.
* **Persistent depressive disorder** involves less intense symptoms that disrupt daily life to a lesser degree, but for much longer (at least 2 years).
42
# Fill in the blanks:
\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ are characterized by periods of mania and depression.
Bipolar disorders
43
What is **mania**?
A **hyperactive**, **euphoric**, **talkative**, and **overly ambitious** state in which dangerously poor judgment is probable.
## Footnote
If depression is living in slow motion, mania is fast forward.
44
# Compare and contrast:
Bipolar I and Bipolar II
* Bipolar I involves longer and more **intense** episodes of mania, while Bipolar II involves **less severe** hypomania.
* Bipolar I involves **less severe** depression, while major depression is a **core aspect** of Bipolar II.
45
\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ are characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking or speech, disorganized motor behavior, and/or negative symptoms.
Schizophrenia spectrum disorders
## Footnote
Schizophrenia means "split mind" and refers to a split from reality.
46
Which **symptom** of schizophrenia is characterized as **false belief** that may manifest in a form of persecution or grandeur?
delusions
47
Which **symptom** of schizophrenia is **false perceptions** that may include one or more of the senses?
hallucinations
## Footnote
The most common form of hallucination is auditory.
48
Which **symptom** of schizophrenia is characterized by speaking in a **"word salad"** and stringing together words in nonsensical ways?
disorganized thinking or speech
49
Which **symptom** of schizophrenia is characterized as **catatonia**?
disorganized motor behavior
## Footnote
Catatonia is a form of disorganized movement. It can manifest as either extreme muscle agitation or a motionless stupor.
50
# Contrast:
positive symptoms and negative symptoms of schizophrenia
* **Positive** symptoms are the addition of inappropriate behaviors.
* **Negative** symptoms are the absence of appropriate behaviors.
## Footnote
For example, hallucinations and delusions are the most common positive symptoms.
Flat affect (lack of emotional expression) is an example of a negative symptom.
51
# Fill in the blank:
\_\_\_\_\_\_ schizophrenia is slow-developing and recovery is less likely.
Chronic
## Footnote
Men are more likely to develop chronic schizophrenia.
52
# Fill in the blank:
\_\_\_\_\_\_ schizophrenia develops somewhat suddenly after life stressors and recovery is more likely.
Acute
53
Describe **two** possible causes of schizophrenia.
1. There is evidence to suggest **exposure to a virus** mid-pregnancy impairs fetal brain development and increases the chances of schizophrenia.
2. The **dopamine hypothesis** suggests that excessive amounts of dopamine in the brain result in hyper-responsive brain signals that can increase symptoms of schizophrenia like hallucinations and paranoid delusions.
54
# Fill in the blanks:
\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ are characterized by a disruption or discontinuity of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior.
Dissociative disorders
## Footnote
Dissociation is quite common. Anytime you day dream, you are technically dissociating because there is a discontinuity of consciousness.
55
What is **dissociative amnesia**?
A disorder in which a person has significant **gaps in memory** that are inconsistent with normal forgetting. Usually events that are forgotten are traumatic in nature.
56
Sometimes dissociative amnesia occurs with dissociative fugue. What is **dissociative fugue**?
Characterized by **sudden travel or wandering** coupled with a **loss of identity**.
57
# Fill in the blanks:
\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ is characterized by the appearance of two or more distinct identities in one individual. The identities may or may not be aware of each other, and the personality manifested may be dependent on environmental or social context.
Dissociative identity disorder
## Footnote
This disorder is usually caused by extreme trauma and abuse where a person's personality "fractures" into several different personalities.
58
Which **category of mental disorders** can be characterized by **pervasive and inflexible** behavior patterns that are deviant from one's culture?
Personality disorders
59
Which **cluster** of personality disorders displays **odd or eccentric** behaviors?
Cluster A
## Footnote
Paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders all fall into cluster A.
60
Which **cluster** of personality disorders displays **dramatic**, **emotional** or **erratic** behaviors?
Cluster B
## Footnote
Antisocial, histrionic, narcissistic, and borderline personality disorders all fall into cluster B.
61
Which **cluster** of personality disorders displays **anxious or fearful** behaviors?
Cluster C
## Footnote
Avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders all fall into cluster C.
62
# Fill in the blanks:
\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ are characterized by modified consumption of food that impairs health or psychological functioning.
Feeding/eating disorders
63
# Describe:
characteristics of anorexia nervosa
| (as it pertains to eating disorders)
A person with anorexia nervosa has a **starvation diet**, despite being **underweight** and has an inaccurate self-perception.
## Footnote
It is most common for adolescent females to develop anorexia nervosa.
64
# Describe:
characteristics of bulimia nervosa
| (as it pertains to eating disorders)
A person with bulimia nervosa will **binge eat high-calorie food**, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.
65
# Fill in the blank:
\_\_\_\_\_\_ disorders focus on whether a person displays behaviors appropriate for their age or maturity range and develop during developmental periods.
Neurodevelopmental
## Footnote
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are examples of neurodevelopmental disorders.
66
# Describe:
key characteristics of autism spectrum disorder
| (ASD)
A disorder that appears in childhood and is characterized by **limitations in the ability to communicate** and possible limitations in **social interactions**. Rigidly **fixated interests** and **repetitive behaviors** may also be displayed.
67
# Describe:
key characteristics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
| (ADHD)
A disorder marked by an **overactivity**, extreme **inability to focus**, and acting **impulsively**.
68
What type of **therapy** is characterized by a trained therapist using psychological techniques to help someone overcome difficulties and achieve personal growth?
Psychotherapy
69
# Fill in the blank:
The use of \_\_\_\_\_\_ medication therapy led to the deinstitutionalization of patients from mental hospitals and asylums in the late 20th century.
psychotropic
## Footnote
Psychotropic medication therapy = taking prescribed medication to treat symptoms of mental disorders.
70
# Fill in the blank:
Many psychologists today prefer to treat with a combination of medication and psychological therapies. This is taking an \_\_\_\_\_\_ approach to treatment.
eclectic
## Footnote
For example, many with anxiety disorders will not only be prescribed anti-anxiety medication, but will also work with a therapist using psychotherapy to treat their disorder.
71
# Fill in the blanks:
A bond of trust and understanding between a therapist and client is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_.
therapeutic alliance
## Footnote
A strong therapeutic alliance fosters psychological health and increases client benefits from psychotherapy.
72
Psychotherapists may use different approaches to aid their clients, but all follow the **APA's ethical principles** and code of conduct. List and describe **four** of these principles.
1. **Nonmaleficence**: seek to do no harm to clients.
2. **Fidelity**: work to establish feelings of trust and uphold a professional standard of conduct.
3. **Integrity**: be honest and truthful.
4. **Respect for people's rights and dignity**: demonstrate respect for all and recognize the right to privacy and confidentiality.
73
# Fill in the blank:
The \_\_\_\_\_\_ therapies use free association and dream interpretation to uncover unconscious motives.
psychodynamic
74
What is **free association**?
A psychodynamic therapeutic technique that tasks patients to **speak whatever comes to mind** without filtering their thoughts in order to reveal unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories that may be causing distress.
75
What is the goal of **humanistic therapy**?
To **reduce** the difference between the **ideal self** and the **real self**.
76
Humanistic therapy is referred to as person-centered therapy. **What does that mean**?
**Humanistic** therapy is client-centered. **Non-directive** therapy encourages the client to control the therapeutic route.
77
# Define:
active listening
| (as it relates to humanistic therapy)
Active listening involves echoing, restating, and clarifying what the client says and does in order to provide a "psychological mirror" to help clients **see themselves more clearly**.
78
# Fill in the blanks:
Humanistic therapy provides an atmosphere of nonjudgmental acceptance, known as \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_.
unconditional positive regard
79
# Describe:
how applied behavior analysis
| (is used in a therapeutic setting)
Applied behavior analysis applies principles of operant conditioning to modify maladaptive behaviors.
80
# Fill in the blanks:
\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ is a common therapy for those experiencing distress from a phobia that sees the client exposed to the thing they fear or avoid.
Exposure therapy
81
What core principle of behavioral therapy states that if someone can be conditioned to have a fear, **therapy can reverse** that learning by **pairing** the distressing situation with **feelings of relaxation**?
Counterconditioning
## Footnote
If a person can be conditioned to have certain maladaptive thoughts and actions, then counterconditioning can reverse those distressing and debilitating thoughts and actions.
82
Cognitive therapies employ *cognitive restructuring* or *fear hierarchies* to combat *maladaptive thinking*. Explain the meaning of all **italicized** words.
* **Cognitive restructuring**: identifying and managing negative thought patterns.
* **Fear hierarchies**: the ranking of anxiety-inducing situations ordered from least to most frightening.
* **Maladaptive thinking**: irrational, negative thought patterns
83
# Define and describe:
the cognitive triad
| (as it pertains to cognitive therapy)
Cognitive therapy believes people should focus on **improving their negative thinking** surrounding the cognitive triad: thinking about oneself, the world, and the future.
## Footnote
This is used most often as a way of helping someone with depressive thoughts to restructure their thinking.
84
# Fill in the blanks:
A type of exposure therapy that associates a relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli is \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_.
systematic desensitization
## Footnote
This is used most often as a way of slowly exposing a person to a stimulus that causes anxiety (phobia).
85
# Fill in the blanks:
\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ provides opportunities for clients to associate an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior.
Aversive therapy
## Footnote
This is used commonly to help those with substance abuse disorder. If the use of a substance is associated with negative thoughts and behaviors, use of that substance can decrease.
86
# Describe:
token economies
| (as it pertains to therapy)
The use of token economies sees clients associate positive or desired behaviors with **earning a token**. Usually, these tokens can be **exchanged** for privileges or gifts.
## Footnote
Creating a token economy employs operant conditioning principles to help create the association of desired behaviors with a reward.
87
# Fill in the blank:
\_\_\_\_\_\_ uses principles of conditioning to assist clients with regulating body systems that may contribute to anxiety or depression.
Biofeedback
## Footnote
Biofeedback includes using bodily monitoring technology to provide instant involuntary information for the therapist and client. This allows for the development of voluntary responses to help control physiological responses.
88
Which **category** attempts to not only improve a client's **thinking**, but also their **actions** and **behaviors**?
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
89
# Fill in the blanks:
\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ is a type of cognitive-behavioral therapy that is especially useful for those experiencing intense emotions.
Dialectical behavior therapy
## Footnote
DBT teaches skills of mindfulness and acceptance and change to help clients build coping mechanisms and reduce destructive behaviors.
90
# Describe:
rational-emotive behavior therapy
| (as it pertains to cognitive-behavioral therapy)
A confrontational type of therapy that tasks the client with **facing their illogical and irrational negative thoughts** and attitudes.
91
# Explain:
how group therapy is different from individual therapy
| (and state unique benefits)
* Group therapy is conducted with **many clients**, usually all displaying **similar** symptoms and disorders.
* Group therapy is uniquely beneficial for some because it allows clients to see they are not alone in their experiences and also provides clients with more people they can trust with their feelings.
92
# Fill in the blanks:
\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ interact with neurotransmitters in the nervous system to impact biochemical causes of mental disorders.
Psychotropic medications
## Footnote
The advent of these medications in the 1950s meant the release of hundreds of thousands from hospital confinement.
93
# Fill in the blank:
The category of psychoactive medication that is used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of psychosis is \_\_\_\_\_\_ medication.
antipsychotic
94
# Fill in the blank:
With schizophrenia, antipsychotic medication is similar enough to the neurotransmitter \_\_\_\_\_\_ and works to block its activity.
dopamine
## Footnote
This supports the belief that dopamine overactivity causes many of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. By blocking dopamine activity, hallucinations and delusions can be lessened in number and severity.
95
List some of the **side effects of antipsychotic** medication use.
* sluggishness
* tremors
* muscle twitching
96
# Describe the characteristics of:
tardive dyskinesia
| (as it pertains to medication use)
May occur with prolonged use of antipsychotic medication. It is characterized by **involuntary movement** of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs.
97
# Fill in the blank:
\_\_\_\_\_\_ medication works to depress central nervous system activity and control anxiety and agitation.
Antianxiety
98
Which category of **medication** increases the availability of certain neurotransmitters to elevate mood?
Antidepressants
## Footnote
While primarily used to treat depression, antidepressants are increasingly being used to treat anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD.
99
# Fill in the blanks:
Many antidepressants increase the availability of the neurotransmitters \_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_.
serotonin; norepinephrine
100
What **simple salt** is commonly used to treat symptoms of mania with bipolar disorder?
Lithium
## Footnote
Taking lithium also correlates with lower suicide and crime rates.
101
# Describe:
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
| (as it pertains to treating depression)
Primarily used as a therapy for severe **treatment-resistant depression**. A brief electrical charge induces a **small seizure** in a client.
## Footnote
The results of ECT are among the most positive in all of medicine.
102
# Describe:
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
| (as it pertains to treating depression)
Primarily used as a therapy for depression. **Magnetic energy** is repeatedly pulsed through the brain.
103
# Fill in the blank:
A rarely used and last resort treatment for mental disorders that involves removing or destroying brain tissue (lesioning) is \_\_\_\_\_\_.
psychosurgery
104
# Define:
lesioning
| (as it pertains to psychosurgery)
It involves **destroying brain tissue**, which is a common goal of **psychosurgery**.
105
# Fill in the blank:
The most infamous form of psychosurgery that was popular during the mid-20th century but is not used today is the \_\_\_\_\_\_.
lobotomy
## Footnote
While lobotomies were successful in reducing extreme emotions, they also left patients with severe personality changes, lack of inhibition, cognitive impairments, and a more childlike mentality.
106
# Fill in the blank:
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is used in a therapeutic setting to reduce unpleasant physical sensations or emotions through the power of suggestion.
Hypnosis
## Footnote
Hypnosis has shown effectiveness in treating pain and anxiety. Research does not support hypnosis to retrieve memories or regress in age.
