A-Level History (AQA) > 2D Religious Conflict and the Church in England, c1529–c1570 > Flashcards

2D Religious Conflict and the Church in England, c1529–c1570 Flashcards

Evaluate the causes and consequences of religious change and conflict during the English Reformation. (318 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

Around 1529, why was the Church still politically important in England?

A

Churchmen advised the Crown.

Senior clergy were deeply involved in royal government and administration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What did Church teaching generally emphasise about monarchical authority in early Tudor England?

A

Obedience to rulers

Traditional teaching supported order and the duty to obey lawful authority.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why did the Church hold major social influence in c1529?

A

It was wealthy and widespread.

Its land, courts, parishes and monasteries made it central to community life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Fill in the blank:

In c1529 the Church’s political influence was strengthened because churchmen often served as royal _____.

A

advisers

Men such as Wolsey showed how closely Church and state could overlap.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What kind of cases were often heard in Church courts?

A

Moral and religious cases

They dealt with marriage, wills, sexual offences and clerical discipline.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why were monasteries important in English society before the break with Rome?

A

They provided prayer and charity.

They were religious houses but also landlords, employers and centres of support.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What was the basic local unit of worship for most ordinary people?

A

Parish church

The parish church shaped the religious routine of daily life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What term describes traditional religious devotion by ordinary laypeople?

A

Popular piety

It included masses, prayers, guilds, saints and concern for the dead.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which belief about the afterlife remained important in English religion c1529?

A

Purgatory

Many people believed souls could be helped by prayer and masses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What role did lay religious guilds play in the Church’s spiritual life?

A

Guilds supported worship, fellowship and prayers for members’ souls.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why was the priesthood so important in traditional religion?

A

Priests mediated the sacraments.

They were essential for mass, confession and other rites of salvation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Fill in the blank:

In traditional religion, the priest’s authority rested heavily on his role in administering the _____.

A

sacraments

This gave parish clergy a central place in spiritual life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why was printing important to religious change in the 1520s and 1530s?

A

It spread ideas quickly.

Print helped circulate both reformist criticism and orthodox responses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which medieval heretical movement left a legacy in England before the Reformation?

A

Lollards

Though limited in number, they preserved anti-clerical and scriptural ideas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What was one lasting feature of the Lollard legacy?

A

Criticism of clergy and ritual

Lollards challenged aspects of orthodox practice and stressed scripture.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which intellectual movement encouraged reform through scholarship and a return to original texts?

A

Humanism

Humanists sought moral and educational renewal rather than immediate schism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which Dutch humanist strongly influenced English reform-minded thinkers?

A

Erasmus

His scholarship and criticism of abuses shaped debate in England.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which English humanist remained loyal to Catholicism while opposing heresy?

A

Thomas More

More attacked Protestant ideas despite supporting reform of abuses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which English churchman and scholar called for clerical reform and better preaching?

A

Colet

John Colet criticised corruption and encouraged a more serious clergy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Fill in the blank:

English _____ such as Erasmus, More and Colet criticised abuses while seeking renewal rather than immediate separation.

A

Humanists

Their ideas helped prepare the ground for reform debates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does simony mean?

A

Sale of Church offices

It was widely criticised as a corrupt abuse of spiritual authority.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does nepotism mean in the context of the early Tudor Church?

A

Favouring relatives for office

It was condemned as evidence of self-interest and corruption.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does absenteeism mean in relation to clergy?

A

Not living in assigned benefice

Absentee clergy often neglected pastoral duties while drawing income.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

True or False:

Anti-clericalism always meant rejecting Christianity itself.

A

False

Many people criticised clergy while remaining loyal believers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What was Henry VIII’s **Great Matter**?
His attempt to end his marriage. ## Footnote He wanted his union with Catherine of Aragon annulled.
26
Why was Henry VIII so concerned about the **succession**?
Lack of a male heir ## Footnote He feared dynastic instability if no legitimate son survived him.
27
Which queen’s marriage to Henry VIII became the focus of the Great Matter?
Catherine of Aragon ## Footnote She had failed to produce a surviving male heir for Henry.
28
Why did Catherine of Aragon have important **international support**?
She was linked to Spain and the Emperor. ## Footnote Her family ties made the divorce politically difficult for the papacy.
29
# Fill in the blank: Henry’s marriage problem became harder to solve because Catherine of Aragon had powerful _\_\_\_\_ supporters.
international ## Footnote Her nephew Charles V was especially influential.
30
Which **cardinal** initially tried to secure Henry VIII’s annulment?
Wolsey ## Footnote His failure contributed to his political downfall.
31
Which woman at court became central to the push for annulment and reform in the early 1530s?
Anne Boleyn ## Footnote Her rise helped shift politics towards a break with Rome.
32
Why did Anne Boleyn matter politically as well as personally?
She attracted reformist support. ## Footnote Her circle included people more open to attacking papal authority.
33
# True or False: Henry VIII sought an annulment because he had already become a committed Protestant in the 1520s.
False ## Footnote His motives were mainly dynastic and personal, not initially Protestant.
34
What was the **Reformation Parliament**?
Parliament of 1529–1536 ## Footnote It passed legislation that helped break papal authority in England.
35
What did MPs express in the Reformation Parliament that helped weaken the Church?
Grievances against clerical abuses ## Footnote Complaints about fees, privileges and corruption aided reform.
36
Why was the papacy under pressure during the King’s Great Matter?
Charles V influenced the Pope. ## Footnote The Pope could not easily offend the emperor, Catherine’s nephew.
37
# Fill in the blank: Legislation in the early 1530s led to the establishment of Royal _\_\_\_\_ over the Church in England.
Supremacy ## Footnote The king replaced the Pope as supreme authority in the English Church.
38
What did Royal Supremacy mean?
The king headed the Church in England. ## Footnote It transferred ultimate authority from Rome to the Crown.
39
Which **minister** was most associated with managing Parliament during the break from Rome?
Cromwell ## Footnote Thomas Cromwell drove much of the legislative programme.
40
Why was Cromwell important to the break from Rome?
He organised reform through statute. ## Footnote He used Parliament to give legal force to religious and political change.
41
What term describes the **groups** at court competing to shape religious policy under Henry VIII?
Factions ## Footnote Politics at court often turned on rival networks and personal influence.
42
# True or False: All of Henry VIII’s advisers agreed on the pace and direction of religious change.
False ## Footnote Court politics was marked by supporters and opponents of reform.
43
Which **faction** supported Catherine of Aragon and resisted the annulment?
Aragonese faction ## Footnote It defended Catherine’s cause and opposed Anne Boleyn’s rise.
44
Which two prominent opponents of the royal supremacy were executed in 1535?
More and Fisher ## Footnote Both refused to accept the king’s new ecclesiastical authority.
45
Who was Elizabeth Barton?
The Holy Maid of Kent ## Footnote She became a symbolic opponent of Henry’s religious policy.
46
Which monastic **order** became famous for resisting the king’s supremacy?
Carthusians ## Footnote Several Carthusian monks were executed for refusing compliance.
47
By 1536, had doctrine changed as much as church authority?
No ## Footnote Political control changed faster than core religious belief.
48
What best describes the doctrinal **position** of the English Reformation by 1536?
Mixed change and continuity ## Footnote Papal authority had gone, but many Catholic beliefs remained.
49
# True or False: By 1536 England had already become fully Protestant in doctrine and worship.
False ## Footnote Much traditional belief and practice still survived.
50
After 1536, what two broad **groups** often competed to influence Church policy?
Reformists and conservatives ## Footnote Henry balanced them against each other to preserve control.
51
How could foreign affairs affect religious policy under Henry VIII?
Alliances shaped reform choices. ## Footnote Relations with France, Scotland and the Empire influenced domestic decisions.
52
What major **policy** between 1536 and 1540 transformed the religious landscape of England?
Dissolution of the Monasteries ## Footnote Monastic houses were closed and their property transferred to the Crown.
53
What was one political **cause** of the Dissolution of the Monasteries?
Strengthening royal control ## Footnote Closing monasteries reduced independent religious power centres.
54
Name three causes of the dissolution of the Monasteries
* Henry needed massive revenue. * Monasteries accused of corruption. * Break from papal authority (Act of Supremacy). ## Footnote Monastic wealth offered the Crown land, cash and patronage.
55
# Fill in the blank: The Dissolution had political, religious, social and _\_\_\_\_ causes and consequences.
economic ## Footnote It was one of the most far-reaching changes of Henry’s reign.
56
Name three consequences of the Dissolution of the Monasteries
* Crown gained vast wealth * Monastic land redistributed widely * Charity services collapsed nationwide
57
Which major **rising** of 1536 protested against religious and governmental change?
Pilgrimage of Grace ## Footnote It was the largest rebellion of Henry VIII’s reign.
58
In which **region** did the Pilgrimage of Grace begin?
Yorkshire ## Footnote Northern grievances gave the movement its strongest support.
59
# True or False: The Pilgrimage of Grace was only a tax protest with no religious dimension.
False ## Footnote Defence of monasteries and traditional religion was central to it.
60
What term refers to the **forms and words** used in public worship?
Liturgy ## Footnote Changes to liturgy reflected wider arguments about doctrine.
61
Which **sacrament** became a major source of dispute during Henry VIII’s later reign?
Eucharist ## Footnote Debate centred on the nature of Christ’s presence in the mass.
62
Why was the Bible increasingly important in religious change?
Scripture gained greater prominence. ## Footnote Reformers pushed for wider access and authority of the Bible.
63
# Fill in the blank: Doctrinal disputes in Henry’s reign often focused on the liturgy, the _\_\_\_\_ and the Bible.
eucharist ## Footnote These issues revealed how far reform should go.
64
Which 1536 statement of **belief** showed some reformist influence?
Ten Articles ## Footnote It marked limited movement away from traditional Catholic teaching.
65
Which doctrinal **text** of 1537 tried to explain the faith of the English Church?
Bishops’ Book ## Footnote It reflected compromise and ongoing uncertainty.
66
Which later doctrinal **statement** reasserted a more conservative line under Henry VIII?
King’s Book ## Footnote Published in 1543, it pulled teaching back towards tradition.
67
Which 1539 **legislation** strongly upheld traditional doctrine?
Six Articles ## Footnote It reinforced conservative teachings, especially on the eucharist.
68
# True or False: The Six Articles were a major victory for the most radical reformers.
False ## Footnote They restored a more conservative doctrinal position.
69
By 1547, why was the Church still marked by **disagreement**?
Doctrine remained unsettled. ## Footnote Different groups still disagreed over worship, scripture and sacramental belief.
70
How did relations with France and Scotland matter to the English Church by 1547?
They shaped diplomatic and religious choices. ## Footnote Foreign threats and alliances influenced how boldly Henry pursued reform.
71
Which **faction** gained growing influence towards the end of Henry VIII’s reign?
Seymour faction ## Footnote Its rise mattered because Edward, Prince of Wales, was heir to the throne.
72
Which **archbishop** became increasingly influential in shaping reform by 1547?
Cranmer ## Footnote Thomas Cranmer played a major role in doctrinal and liturgical change.
73
# Fill in the blank: By 1547 the growing influence of the Seymour faction and _\_\_\_\_ suggested further reform was possible.
Cranmer ## Footnote The succession made future policy especially important.
74
Why was the succession so important to the state of the Church in 1547?
Edward’s minority could change policy. ## Footnote A young Protestant-leaning heir might shift reform much further.
75
# True or False: By Henry VIII’s death, all major questions about religion in England had been permanently settled.
False ## Footnote The Church remained unstable, divided and dependent on the succession.
76
Which young **king** came to the throne in 1547 and allowed more rapid Protestant reform?
Edward VI ## Footnote His minority opened the way for advisers and reformers to push change further than under Henry VIII.
77
Which leading **noble** first dominated government under Edward VI?
Somerset ## Footnote Edward Seymour became Lord Protector and initially controlled policy.
78
How did Somerset strengthen his position at the start of Edward VI’s reign?
He overturned Henry VIII’s will. ## Footnote He concentrated power in his own hands rather than ruling through the council as intended.
79
# Fill in the blank: Somerset secured power in 1547 by effectively overturning Henry VIII’s _\_\_\_\_.
will ## Footnote This allowed him to dominate the minority government.
80
What broad religious **aim** did Somerset favour?
Further Protestant reform ## Footnote Though cautious at times, he supported movement away from traditional Catholic practice.
81
Which later ruler of Edward VI’s government replaced Somerset as the chief figure in power?
Northumberland ## Footnote John Dudley became dominant after Somerset’s fall.
82
What was Northumberland’s broad religious **position**?
Protestant ## Footnote He supported further reform, though he was also highly pragmatic in politics.
83
# True or False: Northumberland aimed to restore full Catholic doctrine under Edward VI.
False ## Footnote His rule saw continued movement in a Protestant direction.
84
Which **archbishop** was central to doctrinal development under Edward VI?
Cranmer ## Footnote Thomas Cranmer shaped liturgy, doctrine and the new Protestant direction of the Church.
85
What major liturgical **change** marked Edward VI’s reign?
Two Prayer Books ## Footnote The Prayer Books of 1549 and 1552 reshaped worship in England.
86
In what **year** was the first Edwardian Prayer Book introduced?
1549 ## Footnote It represented a compromise, though it moved worship away from the old Latin mass.
87
In what **year** was the second Edwardian Prayer Book introduced?
1552 ## Footnote It was more clearly Protestant in language and doctrine than the first.
88
Why were the two Prayer Books so important?
They changed public religion by regulating language, ritual and doctrine.
89
What happened to the chantries under Edward VI?
They were dissolved. ## Footnote This attacked institutions linked to prayers for the dead and purgatory.
90
Why was the dissolution of the chantries religiously significant?
It undermined belief in purgatory. ## Footnote Chantries existed to fund masses for the souls of the dead.
91
# True or False: The dissolution of the chantries strengthened traditional Catholic devotion to purgatory.
False ## Footnote It weakened institutions tied to intercession for the dead.
92
What other traditional religious **features** were increasingly removed under Edward VI?
Vestiges of Catholicism ## Footnote Images, ceremonies and older devotional practices were attacked.
93
Which **rebellion** in 1549 was strongly linked to opposition to religious change in the south-west?
Western Rebellion ## Footnote Rebels defended traditional worship and objected to the Prayer Book.
94
Why did the Western Rebellion break out?
Opposition to Protestant reform. ## Footnote Religious grievances were central, especially hostility to the new Prayer Book.
95
# Fill in the blank: The Western Rebellion of 1549 was driven largely by resistance to the new _\_\_\_\_ Book.
Prayer ## Footnote It showed that Protestant reform was far from universally accepted.
96
Which major **rising** in 1549 centred on Norfolk and broader grievances about government and enclosure?
Kett’s Rebellion ## Footnote It was less directly religious than the Western Rebellion but still challenged authority.
97
Who led Kett’s Rebellion?
Robert Kett ## Footnote He emerged as the leader of rebels protesting local and national grievances.
98
How did Kett’s Rebellion differ from the Western Rebellion?
It was less religious. ## Footnote Social and economic issues, especially enclosure, were more prominent.
99
# True or False: Kett’s Rebellion was mainly a Catholic rising against the Prayer Book.
False ## Footnote Its main grievances were social, economic and political rather than primarily doctrinal.
100
What does opposition in 1549 suggest about acceptance of religious change?
Acceptance was uneven. ## Footnote Some areas conformed, but others strongly resisted reform.
101
By 1553, what best describes the English Church?
More Protestant ## Footnote Doctrine and worship had moved much further from Henry VIII’s settlement.
102
What **crisis** arose in 1553 at the end of Edward VI’s reign?
Succession crisis ## Footnote Protestant leaders tried to prevent the Catholic Mary from inheriting the throne.
103
# Fill in the blank: In 1553 Protestant leaders tried to block the succession of _\_\_\_\_.
Mary ## Footnote They feared she would reverse Edwardian reform.
104
Which **claimant** was promoted in 1553 to try to stop Mary becoming queen?
Lady Jane Grey ## Footnote She was used by Northumberland in a failed dynastic coup.
105
Why did Northumberland try to alter the succession in 1553?
To preserve Protestant rule. ## Footnote Mary’s accession threatened the religious changes made under Edward VI.
106
# True or False: Northumberland successfully secured the throne for Lady Jane Grey.
False ## Footnote Mary quickly gathered support and overthrew the attempt.
107
What caused Northumberland’s fall in 1553?
Mary’s successful accession ## Footnote His coup collapsed when support shifted decisively to Mary.
108
Which **queen** restored Catholicism after taking the throne in 1553?
Mary I ## Footnote Her reign aimed to reverse Edwardian reforms and reunite England with Rome.
109
What happened to Royal Supremacy when Mary came to the throne?
It became a major issue. ## Footnote Mary had to deal with laws that had made the monarch head of the Church.
110
Why did Mary face problems with her first Parliament?
Resistance to immediate change. ## Footnote Political caution and vested interests slowed the pace of restoration.
111
# Fill in the blank: Mary’s first Parliament showed that restoring Catholicism would not be simple, even with the end of Royal _\_\_\_\_.
Supremacy ## Footnote Parliamentary cooperation could not be taken for granted.
112
What proposed **marriage** created major controversy during Mary’s reign?
Spanish Marriage ## Footnote Her planned marriage to Philip of Spain aroused deep political anxiety.
113
Why was Mary’s Spanish Marriage unpopular with many in England?
Fear of foreign influence. ## Footnote Many worried England would become subordinate to Spanish interests.
114
# True or False: Mary’s marriage plans united the political nation behind her religious programme.
False ## Footnote The Spanish match intensified opposition and suspicion.
115
What major **obstacle** hindered the restoration of the Catholic Church under Mary?
Protestant change had already taken root. ## Footnote Some elites and communities had adapted to reform or profited from it.
116
What did Mary achieve in her second Parliament regarding religion?
Restoration of Papal Authority ## Footnote England was formally reconciled with Rome and Catholic doctrine restored.
117
What happened to Catholic doctrine under Mary?
It was restored. ## Footnote Traditional teachings and papal obedience were re-established in law.
118
# Fill in the blank: Mary’s second Parliament restored Papal Authority and _\_\_\_\_ doctrine.
Catholic ## Footnote This marked a formal reversal of Edwardian legislation.
119
In what sense was Mary also a **reformer**?
She sought Catholic renewal. ## Footnote She aimed not only to restore old forms but to improve clerical standards and devotion.
120
Why were there limits to Mary’s restoration?
Time and resistance ## Footnote Her reign was short, and not all changes could be fully implemented or accepted.
121
# True or False: Mary’s restoration faced no practical limits because the old Church could simply be recreated unchanged.
False ## Footnote Property transfers, short timescales and mixed support all limited success.
122
Why did Mary persecute Protestants?
To enforce religious unity. ## Footnote Her regime believed heresy endangered both souls and the realm.
123
What was one major repercussion of Marian persecution?
Protestant martyrdom strengthened opposition. ## Footnote Burnings helped create a powerful memory of Catholic cruelty.
124
Which two figures were central to attempts to reform English Catholicism under Mary?
Mary and Pole ## Footnote Cardinal Pole worked with the queen to rebuild and renew the Church.
125
# Fill in the blank: Mary worked with Cardinal _\_\_\_\_ to restore and reform Catholicism in England.
Pole ## Footnote He played a leading role in the Marian Church.
126
Which **rebellion** in 1554 was linked to opposition to Mary’s marriage and wider fears about her rule?
Wyatt’s Rebellion ## Footnote It reflected concern over Spain, religion and the future direction of government.
127
What did Wyatt’s Rebellion reveal about Mary’s regime?
Support was not secure. ## Footnote Opposition could still gather around political and religious anxieties.
128
# True or False: All English subjects openly resisted Mary’s religious changes throughout her reign.
False ## Footnote Many outwardly conformed, even if enthusiasm varied.
129
How extensive was conformity under Mary?
Considerable but mixed. ## Footnote Many complied publicly, though support and conviction differed widely.
130
Which **war** damaged Mary’s reputation late in her reign?
War with France ## Footnote It led to military failure and undermined confidence in the regime.
131
What major English **possession** was lost to France in 1558?
Calais ## Footnote Its loss was a symbolic and practical blow to Mary’s standing.
132
Which **queen** succeeded Mary in 1558?
Elizabeth I ## Footnote Her accession reopened the question of England’s religious direction.
133
What religious **problem** did Elizabeth inherit in 1558?
Deep religious division ## Footnote Catholics, returning Protestant exiles and moderates all expected different outcomes.
134
Who were the Protestant émigrés on Elizabeth’s accession?
Exiles returning from abroad. ## Footnote Many had fled under Mary and come back with stronger reforming ideas.
135
# True or False: Elizabeth inherited a religiously united kingdom in 1558.
False ## Footnote England was divided between Catholics and different shades of Protestant opinion.
136
Why did peace with France matter for Elizabeth’s early religious settlement?
It reduced foreign pressure. ## Footnote Greater security gave Elizabeth more room to shape policy at home.
137
What was Elizabeth’s broad religious **aim** in 1559?
Moderate Protestant settlement ## Footnote She wanted a church that restored royal control while avoiding extremes.
138
Which two **Acts** were central to the re-establishment of the Church of England?
Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity ## Footnote Together they restored royal control and prescribed common worship.
139
What did the Act of Supremacy do under Elizabeth?
Restored royal authority over the Church. ## Footnote It re-established the monarch’s leadership of the English Church.
140
What did the Act of Uniformity require?
Use of the new Prayer Book ## Footnote It enforced a common pattern of worship across England.
141
# Fill in the blank: The Elizabethan settlement relied on Royal Supremacy and religious _\_\_\_\_ in worship.
uniformity ## Footnote Outward obedience was a key aim of the regime.
142
What **book** became the basis of public worship under Elizabeth’s settlement?
Book of Common Prayer ## Footnote Its wording was designed to be broad enough for a range of opinion.
143
# True or False: Elizabeth’s settlement aimed to satisfy only the most radical Protestants.
False ## Footnote It was intended as a compromise that could command wide outward obedience.
144
How was the settlement consolidated in the early years of Elizabeth’s reign?
Visitations ## Footnote Royal inspections enforced conformity and checked local compliance.
145
What was the Vestiarian **Controversy** about?
Clerical dress ## Footnote It exposed divisions among Protestants over how far reform should go.
146
Why is the Vestiarian Controversy significant?
It showed Protestant division. ## Footnote Even supporters of reform disagreed over ceremonies and church order.
147
# Fill in the blank: The Vestiarian Controversy revealed disagreement among Protestants over clerical _\_\_\_\_.
dress ## Footnote These disputes weakened the appearance of consensus.
148
What does the term ‘acquiescence of Catholics’ suggest about Elizabeth’s early reign?
Many accepted outward conformity. ## Footnote Large numbers did not actively resist, even if privately Catholic.
149
Which **claimant** to the English throne posed a major threat to the settlement?
Mary, Queen of Scots ## Footnote She provided a focus for Catholic hopes and political intrigue.
150
# True or False: Mary, Queen of Scots posed no danger to Elizabeth’s religious and political position before 1570.
False ## Footnote She became a rallying point for discontent and Catholic opposition.
151
What development by the late 1560s threatened the earlier religious consensus?
Re-emergence of a Catholic party. ## Footnote Catholic resistance became more organised and politically serious.
152
Which **rebellion** in 1569 challenged Elizabeth’s regime and the religious settlement?
Rising of the Northern Earls ## Footnote It combined noble discontent with Catholic aims.
153
# Fill in the blank: The Rising of the Northern Earls showed that by 1569 the Elizabethan settlement faced a renewed _\_\_\_\_ threat.
Catholic ## Footnote It marked a serious challenge to royal authority in the north.
154
By 1570, what had happened to the earlier hope of broad religious consensus?
It had broken down. ## Footnote Divisions had sharpened and the settlement was under greater pressure.
155
How would you describe the condition of the settlement by 1570?
Established but vulnerable. ## Footnote It had legal and institutional strength, but faced growing confessional opposition.
156
# True or False: By 1570 the Elizabethan settlement was both fully uncontested and universally embraced.
False ## Footnote It survived, but religious and political tensions were clearly deepening.
157
Around 1529, why was the **Church** still politically important in England?
Churchmen advised the Crown. ## Footnote Senior clergy were deeply involved in royal government and administration.
158
What did Church teaching generally emphasise about **monarchical authority** in early Tudor England?
Obedience to rulers ## Footnote Traditional teaching supported order and the duty to obey lawful authority.
159
Why did the Church hold major **social influence** in c1529?
It was wealthy and widespread. ## Footnote Its land, courts, parishes and monasteries made it central to community life.
160
# Fill in the blank: In c1529 the Church’s political influence was strengthened because churchmen often served as royal _\_\_\_\_.
advisers ## Footnote Men such as Wolsey showed how closely Church and state could overlap.
161
What kind of **cases** were often heard in Church courts?
Moral and religious cases ## Footnote They dealt with marriage, wills, sexual offences and clerical discipline.
162
Why were monasteries important in English society before the break with Rome?
They provided prayer and charity. ## Footnote They were religious houses but also landlords, employers and centres of support.
163
What was the basic local **unit** of worship for most ordinary people?
Parish church ## Footnote The parish church shaped the religious routine of daily life.
164
What term describes traditional religious **devotion** by ordinary laypeople?
Popular piety ## Footnote It included masses, prayers, guilds, saints and concern for the dead.
165
Which **belief** about the afterlife remained important in English religion c1529?
Purgatory ## Footnote Many people believed souls could be helped by prayer and masses.
166
# True or False: Belief in purgatory had little importance in English religious life before the break from Rome.
False ## Footnote It was central to prayers for the dead, chantries and many acts of devotion.
167
What role did lay religious guilds play in the Church’s spiritual life?
They organised devotion and charity. ## Footnote Guilds supported worship, fellowship and prayers for members’ souls.
168
Why was the **priesthood** so important in traditional religion?
Priests mediated the sacraments. ## Footnote They were essential for mass, confession and other rites of salvation.
169
# Fill in the blank: In traditional religion, the priest’s authority rested heavily on his role in administering the _\_\_\_\_.
sacraments ## Footnote This gave parish clergy a central place in spiritual life.
170
Why was **printing** important to religious change in the 1520s and 1530s?
It spread ideas quickly. ## Footnote Print helped circulate both reformist criticism and orthodox responses.
171
Which medieval heretical **movement** left a legacy in England before the Reformation?
Lollards ## Footnote Though limited in number, they preserved anti-clerical and scriptural ideas.
172
What was one lasting **feature** of the Lollard legacy?
Criticism of clergy and ritual ## Footnote Lollards challenged aspects of orthodox practice and stressed scripture.
173
Which intellectual **movement** encouraged reform through scholarship and a return to original texts?
Humanism ## Footnote Humanists sought moral and educational renewal rather than immediate schism.
174
Which Dutch **humanist** strongly influenced English reform-minded thinkers?
Erasmus ## Footnote His scholarship and criticism of abuses shaped debate in England.
175
Which English humanist remained loyal to Catholicism while opposing heresy?
More ## Footnote Thomas More attacked Protestant ideas despite supporting reform of abuses.
176
Which English churchman and scholar called for clerical reform and better preaching?
Colet ## Footnote John Colet criticised corruption and encouraged a more serious clergy.
177
# Fill in the blank: English _\_\_\_\_ such as Erasmus, More and Colet criticised abuses while seeking renewal rather than immediate separation.
Humanists ## Footnote Their ideas helped prepare the ground for reform debates.
178
What does **simony** mean?
Sale of Church offices ## Footnote It was widely criticised as a corrupt abuse of spiritual authority.
179
What does **nepotism** mean in the context of the early Tudor Church?
Favouring relatives for office ## Footnote It was condemned as evidence of self-interest and corruption.
180
What does **absenteeism** mean in relation to clergy?
Not living in assigned benefice ## Footnote Absentee clergy often neglected pastoral duties while drawing income.
181
# True or False: Anti-clericalism always meant rejecting Christianity itself.
False ## Footnote Many people criticised clergy while remaining loyal believers.
182
What was Henry VIII’s **Great Matter**?
His attempt to end his marriage. ## Footnote He wanted his union with Catherine of Aragon annulled.
183
Why was Henry VIII so concerned about the **succession**?
Lack of a male heir ## Footnote He feared dynastic instability if no legitimate son survived him.
184
Which queen’s marriage to Henry VIII became the focus of the Great Matter?
Catherine of Aragon ## Footnote She had failed to produce a surviving male heir for Henry.
185
Why did Catherine of Aragon have important **international support**?
She was linked to Spain and the Emperor. ## Footnote Her family ties made the divorce politically difficult for the papacy.
186
# Fill in the blank: Henry’s marriage problem became harder to solve because Catherine of Aragon had powerful _\_\_\_\_ supporters.
international ## Footnote Her nephew Charles V was especially influential.
187
Which **cardinal** initially tried to secure Henry VIII’s annulment?
Wolsey ## Footnote His failure contributed to his political downfall.
188
Which woman at court became central to the push for annulment and reform in the early 1530s?
Anne Boleyn ## Footnote Her rise helped shift politics towards a break with Rome.
189
Why did Anne Boleyn matter politically as well as personally?
She attracted reformist support. ## Footnote Her circle included people more open to attacking papal authority.
190
# True or False: Henry VIII sought an annulment because he had already become a committed Protestant in the 1520s.
False ## Footnote His motives were mainly dynastic and personal, not initially Protestant.
191
What was the **Reformation Parliament**?
Parliament of 1529–1536 ## Footnote It passed legislation that helped break papal authority in England.
192
What did MPs express in the Reformation Parliament that helped weaken the Church?
Grievances against clerical abuses ## Footnote Complaints about fees, privileges and corruption aided reform.
193
Why was the papacy under pressure during the King’s Great Matter?
Charles V influenced the Pope. ## Footnote The Pope could not easily offend the emperor, Catherine’s nephew.
194
# Fill in the blank: Legislation in the early 1530s led to the establishment of Royal _\_\_\_\_ over the Church in England.
Supremacy ## Footnote The king replaced the Pope as supreme authority in the English Church.
195
What did Royal Supremacy mean?
The king headed the Church in England. ## Footnote It transferred ultimate authority from Rome to the Crown.
196
Which **minister** was most associated with managing Parliament during the break from Rome?
Cromwell ## Footnote Thomas Cromwell drove much of the legislative programme.
197
Why was Cromwell important to the break from Rome?
He organised reform through statute. ## Footnote He used Parliament to give legal force to religious and political change.
198
What term describes the **groups** at court competing to shape religious policy under Henry VIII?
Factions ## Footnote Politics at court often turned on rival networks and personal influence.
199
# True or False: All of Henry VIII’s advisers agreed on the pace and direction of religious change.
False ## Footnote Court politics was marked by supporters and opponents of reform.
200
Which **faction** supported Catherine of Aragon and resisted the annulment?
Aragonese faction ## Footnote It defended Catherine’s cause and opposed Anne Boleyn’s rise.
201
Which two prominent opponents of the royal supremacy were executed in 1535?
More and Fisher ## Footnote Both refused to accept the king’s new ecclesiastical authority.
202
Who was Elizabeth Barton?
The Holy Maid of Kent ## Footnote She became a symbolic opponent of Henry’s religious policy.
203
Which monastic **order** became famous for resisting the king’s supremacy?
Carthusians ## Footnote Several Carthusian monks were executed for refusing compliance.
204
# Fill in the blank: More, Fisher, Elizabeth Barton and the _\_\_\_\_ monks became notable opponents of the break with Rome.
Carthusian ## Footnote Their resistance showed that opposition was not confined to one group.
205
By 1536, had doctrine changed as much as church authority?
No ## Footnote Political control changed faster than core religious belief.
206
What best describes the doctrinal **position** of the English Reformation by 1536?
Mixed change and continuity ## Footnote Papal authority had gone, but many Catholic beliefs remained.
207
# True or False: By 1536 England had already become fully Protestant in doctrine and worship.
False ## Footnote Much traditional belief and practice still survived.
208
After 1536, what two broad **groups** often competed to influence Church policy?
Reformists and conservatives ## Footnote Henry balanced them against each other to preserve control.
209
How could foreign affairs affect religious policy under Henry VIII?
Alliances shaped reform choices. ## Footnote Relations with France, Scotland and the Empire influenced domestic decisions.
210
What major **policy** between 1536 and 1540 transformed the religious landscape of England?
Dissolution of the Monasteries ## Footnote Monastic houses were closed and their property transferred to the Crown.
211
What was one political **cause** of the Dissolution of the Monasteries?
Strengthening royal control ## Footnote Closing monasteries reduced independent religious power centres.
212
What was one economic **cause** of the Dissolution?
Need for revenue ## Footnote Monastic wealth offered the Crown land, cash and patronage.
213
What was one religious **argument** used to justify the Dissolution?
Monasteries were corrupt. ## Footnote Reformers attacked monastic life as superstitious or morally lax.
214
# Fill in the blank: The Dissolution had political, religious, social and _\_\_\_\_ causes and consequences.
economic ## Footnote It was one of the most far-reaching changes of Henry’s reign.
215
Which major **rising** of 1536 protested against religious and governmental change?
Pilgrimage of Grace ## Footnote It was the largest rebellion of Henry VIII’s reign.
216
In which **region** did the Pilgrimage of Grace begin?
Yorkshire ## Footnote Northern grievances gave the movement its strongest support.
217
# True or False: The Pilgrimage of Grace was only a tax protest with no religious dimension.
False ## Footnote Defence of monasteries and traditional religion was central to it.
218
What was one important consequence of the Dissolution for local society?
Loss of charity and support ## Footnote Monasteries had provided alms, hospitality and spiritual services.
219
What term refers to the **forms and words** used in public worship?
Liturgy ## Footnote Changes to liturgy reflected wider arguments about doctrine.
220
Which **sacrament** became a major source of dispute during Henry VIII’s later reign?
Eucharist ## Footnote Debate centred on the nature of Christ’s presence in the mass.
221
Why was the Bible increasingly important in religious change?
Scripture gained greater prominence. ## Footnote Reformers pushed for wider access and authority of the Bible.
222
# Fill in the blank: Doctrinal disputes in Henry’s reign often focused on the liturgy, the _\_\_\_\_ and the Bible.
eucharist ## Footnote These issues revealed how far reform should go.
223
Which 1536 statement of **belief** showed some reformist influence?
Ten Articles ## Footnote It marked limited movement away from traditional Catholic teaching.
224
Which doctrinal **text** of 1537 tried to explain the faith of the English Church?
Bishops’ Book ## Footnote It reflected compromise and ongoing uncertainty.
225
Which later doctrinal **statement** reasserted a more conservative line under Henry VIII?
King’s Book ## Footnote Published in 1543, it pulled teaching back towards tradition.
226
Which 1539 **legislation** strongly upheld traditional doctrine?
Six Articles ## Footnote It reinforced conservative teachings, especially on the eucharist.
227
# True or False: The Six Articles were a major victory for the most radical reformers.
False ## Footnote They restored a more conservative doctrinal position.
228
By 1547, why was the Church still marked by **disagreement**?
Doctrine remained unsettled. ## Footnote Different groups still disagreed over worship, scripture and sacramental belief.
229
How did relations with France and Scotland matter to the English Church by 1547?
They shaped diplomatic and religious choices. ## Footnote Foreign threats and alliances influenced how boldly Henry pursued reform.
230
Which **faction** gained growing influence towards the end of Henry VIII’s reign?
Seymour faction ## Footnote Its rise mattered because Edward, Prince of Wales, was heir to the throne.
231
Which **archbishop** became increasingly influential in shaping reform by 1547?
Cranmer ## Footnote Thomas Cranmer played a major role in doctrinal and liturgical change.
232
# Fill in the blank: By 1547 the growing influence of the Seymour faction and _\_\_\_\_ suggested further reform was possible.
Cranmer ## Footnote The succession made future policy especially important.
233
Why was the succession so important to the state of the Church in 1547?
Edward’s minority could change policy. ## Footnote A young Protestant-leaning heir might shift reform much further.
234
# True or False: By Henry VIII’s death, all major questions about religion in England had been permanently settled.
False ## Footnote The Church remained unstable, divided and dependent on the succession.
235
Which young **king** came to the throne in 1547 and allowed more rapid Protestant reform?
Edward VI ## Footnote His minority opened the way for advisers and reformers to push change further than under Henry VIII.
236
Which leading **noble** first dominated government under Edward VI?
Somerset ## Footnote Edward Seymour became Lord Protector and initially controlled policy.
237
How did Somerset strengthen his position at the start of Edward VI’s reign?
He overturned Henry VIII’s will. ## Footnote He concentrated power in his own hands rather than ruling through the council as intended.
238
# Fill in the blank: Somerset secured power in 1547 by effectively overturning Henry VIII’s _\_\_\_\_.
will ## Footnote This allowed him to dominate the minority government.
239
What broad religious **aim** did Somerset favour?
Further Protestant reform ## Footnote Though cautious at times, he supported movement away from traditional Catholic practice.
240
Which later ruler of Edward VI’s government replaced Somerset as the chief figure in power?
Northumberland ## Footnote John Dudley became dominant after Somerset’s fall.
241
What was Northumberland’s broad religious **position**?
Protestant ## Footnote He supported further reform, though he was also highly pragmatic in politics.
242
# True or False: Northumberland aimed to restore full Catholic doctrine under Edward VI.
False ## Footnote His rule saw continued movement in a Protestant direction.
243
Which **archbishop** was central to doctrinal development under Edward VI?
Cranmer ## Footnote Thomas Cranmer shaped liturgy, doctrine and the new Protestant direction of the Church.
244
What major liturgical **change** marked Edward VI’s reign?
Two Prayer Books ## Footnote The Prayer Books of 1549 and 1552 reshaped worship in England.
245
In what **year** was the first Edwardian Prayer Book introduced?
1549 ## Footnote It represented a compromise, though it moved worship away from the old Latin mass.
246
In what **year** was the second Edwardian Prayer Book introduced?
1552 ## Footnote It was more clearly Protestant in language and doctrine than the first.
247
# Fill in the blank: The second Prayer Book, introduced in _\_\_\_\_, showed a more Protestant direction than the first.
1552 ## Footnote It reduced ambiguity over issues such as the eucharist.
248
Why were the two Prayer Books so important?
They reshaped worship. ## Footnote They changed public religion by regulating language, ritual and doctrine.
249
What happened to the chantries under Edward VI?
They were dissolved. ## Footnote This attacked institutions linked to prayers for the dead and purgatory.
250
Why was the dissolution of the chantries religiously significant?
It undermined belief in purgatory. ## Footnote Chantries existed to fund masses for the souls of the dead.
251
# True or False: The dissolution of the chantries strengthened traditional Catholic devotion to purgatory.
False ## Footnote It weakened institutions tied to intercession for the dead.
252
What other traditional religious **features** were increasingly removed under Edward VI?
Vestiges of Catholicism ## Footnote Images, ceremonies and older devotional practices were attacked.
253
Which **rebellion** in 1549 was strongly linked to opposition to religious change in the south-west?
Western Rebellion ## Footnote Rebels defended traditional worship and objected to the Prayer Book.
254
Why did the Western Rebellion break out?
Opposition to Protestant reform. ## Footnote Religious grievances were central, especially hostility to the new Prayer Book.
255
# Fill in the blank: The Western Rebellion of 1549 was driven largely by resistance to the new _\_\_\_\_ Book.
Prayer ## Footnote It showed that Protestant reform was far from universally accepted.
256
Which major **rising** in 1549 centred on Norfolk and broader grievances about government and enclosure?
Kett’s Rebellion ## Footnote It was less directly religious than the Western Rebellion but still challenged authority.
257
Who led Kett’s Rebellion?
Robert Kett ## Footnote He emerged as the leader of rebels protesting local and national grievances.
258
How did Kett’s Rebellion differ from the Western Rebellion?
It was less religious. ## Footnote Social and economic issues, especially enclosure, were more prominent.
259
# True or False: Kett’s Rebellion was mainly a Catholic rising against the Prayer Book.
False ## Footnote Its main grievances were social, economic and political rather than primarily doctrinal.
260
What does opposition in 1549 suggest about acceptance of religious change?
Acceptance was uneven. ## Footnote Some areas conformed, but others strongly resisted reform.
261
By 1553, what best describes the English Church?
More Protestant ## Footnote Doctrine and worship had moved much further from Henry VIII’s settlement.
262
What **crisis** arose in 1553 at the end of Edward VI’s reign?
Succession crisis ## Footnote Protestant leaders tried to prevent the Catholic Mary from inheriting the throne.
263
# Fill in the blank: In 1553 Protestant leaders tried to block the succession of _\_\_\_\_.
Mary ## Footnote They feared she would reverse Edwardian reform.
264
Which **claimant** was promoted in 1553 to try to stop Mary becoming queen?
Lady Jane Grey ## Footnote She was used by Northumberland in a failed dynastic coup.
265
Why did Northumberland try to alter the succession in 1553?
To preserve Protestant rule. ## Footnote Mary’s accession threatened the religious changes made under Edward VI.
266
# True or False: Northumberland successfully secured the throne for Lady Jane Grey.
False ## Footnote Mary quickly gathered support and overthrew the attempt.
267
What caused Northumberland’s fall in 1553?
Mary’s successful accession ## Footnote His coup collapsed when support shifted decisively to Mary.
268
Which **queen** restored Catholicism after taking the throne in 1553?
Mary I ## Footnote Her reign aimed to reverse Edwardian reforms and reunite England with Rome.
269
What happened to Royal Supremacy when Mary came to the throne?
It became a major issue. ## Footnote Mary had to deal with laws that had made the monarch head of the Church.
270
Why did Mary face problems with her first Parliament?
Resistance to immediate change. ## Footnote Political caution and vested interests slowed the pace of restoration.
271
# Fill in the blank: Mary’s first Parliament showed that restoring Catholicism would not be simple, even with the end of Royal _\_\_\_\_.
Supremacy ## Footnote Parliamentary cooperation could not be taken for granted.
272
What proposed **marriage** created major controversy during Mary’s reign?
Spanish Marriage ## Footnote Her planned marriage to Philip of Spain aroused deep political anxiety.
273
Why was Mary’s Spanish Marriage unpopular with many in England?
Fear of foreign influence. ## Footnote Many worried England would become subordinate to Spanish interests.
274
# True or False: Mary’s marriage plans united the political nation behind her religious programme.
False ## Footnote The Spanish match intensified opposition and suspicion.
275
What major **obstacle** hindered the restoration of the Catholic Church under Mary?
Protestant change had already taken root ## Footnote Some elites and communities had adapted to reform or profited from it.
276
What did Mary achieve in her second Parliament regarding religion?
Restoration of Papal Authority ## Footnote England was formally reconciled with Rome and Catholic doctrine restored.
277
What happened to Catholic doctrine under Mary?
It was restored. ## Footnote Traditional teachings and papal obedience were re-established in law.
278
# Fill in the blank: Mary’s second Parliament restored Papal Authority and _\_\_\_\_ doctrine.
Catholic ## Footnote This marked a formal reversal of Edwardian legislation.
279
In what sense was Mary also a **reformer**?
She sought Catholic renewal. ## Footnote She aimed not only to restore old forms but to improve clerical standards and devotion.
280
Why were there limits to Mary’s restoration?
Time and resistance ## Footnote Her reign was short, and not all changes could be fully implemented or accepted.
281
# True or False: Mary’s restoration faced no practical limits because the old Church could simply be recreated unchanged.
False ## Footnote Property transfers, short timescales and mixed support all limited success.
282
Why did Mary persecute Protestants?
To enforce religious unity. ## Footnote Her regime believed heresy endangered both souls and the realm.
283
What was one major repercussion of Marian persecution?
Protestant martyrdom strengthened opposition. ## Footnote Burnings helped create a powerful memory of Catholic cruelty.
284
Which two figures were central to attempts to reform English Catholicism under Mary?
Mary and Pole ## Footnote Cardinal Pole worked with the queen to rebuild and renew the Church.
285
# Fill in the blank: Mary worked with Cardinal _\_\_\_\_ to restore and reform Catholicism in England.
Pole ## Footnote He played a leading role in the Marian Church.
286
Which **rebellion** in 1554 was linked to opposition to Mary’s marriage and wider fears about her rule?
Wyatt’s Rebellion ## Footnote It reflected concern over Spain, religion and the future direction of government.
287
What did Wyatt’s Rebellion reveal about Mary’s regime?
Support was not secure. ## Footnote Opposition could still gather around political and religious anxieties.
288
# True or False: All English subjects openly resisted Mary’s religious changes throughout her reign.
False ## Footnote Many outwardly conformed, even if enthusiasm varied.
289
How extensive was conformity under Mary?
Considerable but mixed. ## Footnote Many complied publicly, though support and conviction differed widely.
290
Which **war** damaged Mary’s reputation late in her reign?
War with France ## Footnote It led to military failure and undermined confidence in the regime.
291
What major English **possession** was lost to France in 1558?
Calais ## Footnote Its loss was a symbolic and practical blow to Mary’s standing.
292
# Fill in the blank: The loss of _\_\_\_\_ in 1558 was a serious blow to Mary’s prestige.
Calais ## Footnote It ended England’s last possession on the French mainland.
293
Which **queen** succeeded Mary in 1558?
Elizabeth I ## Footnote Her accession reopened the question of England’s religious direction.
294
What religious **problem** did Elizabeth inherit in 1558?
Deep religious division ## Footnote Catholics, returning Protestant exiles and moderates all expected different outcomes.
295
Who were the Protestant émigrés on Elizabeth’s accession?
Exiles returning from abroad ## Footnote Many had fled under Mary and come back with stronger reforming ideas.
296
# True or False: Elizabeth inherited a religiously united kingdom in 1558.
False ## Footnote England was divided between Catholics and different shades of Protestant opinion.
297
Why did peace with France matter for Elizabeth’s early religious settlement?
It reduced foreign pressure. ## Footnote Greater security gave Elizabeth more room to shape policy at home.
298
What was Elizabeth’s broad religious **aim** in 1559?
Moderate Protestant settlement ## Footnote She wanted a church that restored royal control while avoiding extremes.
299
# Fill in the blank: Elizabeth tried to reconcile conflicting groups through a relatively _\_\_\_\_ Protestant settlement.
moderate ## Footnote Her policy aimed at outward conformity rather than total agreement.
300
Which two **Acts** were central to the re-establishment of the Church of England?
Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity ## Footnote Together they restored royal control and prescribed common worship.
301
What did the Act of Supremacy do under Elizabeth?
Restored royal authority over the Church. ## Footnote It re-established the monarch’s leadership of the English Church.
302
What did the Act of Uniformity require?
Use of the new Prayer Book ## Footnote It enforced a common pattern of worship across England.
303
# Fill in the blank: The Elizabethan settlement relied on Royal Supremacy and religious _\_\_\_\_ in worship.
uniformity ## Footnote Outward obedience was a key aim of the regime.
304
What **book** became the basis of public worship under Elizabeth’s settlement?
Book of Common Prayer ## Footnote Its wording was designed to be broad enough for a range of opinion.
305
# True or False: Elizabeth’s settlement aimed to satisfy only the most radical Protestants.
False ## Footnote It was intended as a compromise that could command wide outward obedience.
306
How was the settlement consolidated in the early years of Elizabeth’s reign?
Visitations ## Footnote Royal inspections enforced conformity and checked local compliance.
307
What was the Vestiarian **Controversy** about?
Clerical dress ## Footnote It exposed divisions among Protestants over how far reform should go.
308
Why is the Vestiarian Controversy significant?
It showed Protestant division. ## Footnote Even supporters of reform disagreed over ceremonies and church order.
309
# Fill in the blank: The Vestiarian Controversy revealed disagreement among Protestants over clerical _\_\_\_\_.
dress ## Footnote These disputes weakened the appearance of consensus.
310
What does the term ‘acquiescence of Catholics’ suggest about Elizabeth’s early reign?
Many accepted outward conformity. ## Footnote Large numbers did not actively resist, even if privately Catholic.
311
Which **claimant** to the English throne posed a major threat to the settlement?
Mary, Queen of Scots ## Footnote She provided a focus for Catholic hopes and political intrigue.
312
# True or False: Mary, Queen of Scots posed no danger to Elizabeth’s religious and political position before 1570.
False ## Footnote She became a rallying point for discontent and Catholic opposition.
313
What development by the late 1560s threatened the earlier religious consensus?
Re-emergence of a Catholic party ## Footnote Catholic resistance became more organised and politically serious.
314
Which **rebellion** in 1569 challenged Elizabeth’s regime and the religious settlement?
Rising of the Northern Earls ## Footnote It combined noble discontent with Catholic aims.
315
# Fill in the blank: The Rising of the Northern Earls showed that by 1569 the Elizabethan settlement faced a renewed _\_\_\_\_ threat.
Catholic ## Footnote It marked a serious challenge to royal authority in the north.
316
By 1570, what had happened to the earlier hope of broad religious consensus?
It had broken down. ## Footnote Divisions had sharpened and the settlement was under greater pressure.
317
How would you describe the condition of the settlement by 1570?
Established but vulnerable. ## Footnote It had legal and institutional strength, but faced growing confessional opposition.
318
# True or False: By 1570 the Elizabethan settlement was both fully uncontested and universally embraced.
False ## Footnote It survived, but religious and political tensions were clearly deepening.
A-Level History (AQA)
flashcards
Decks in class (30)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions