A-Level History (AQA) > 2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945 > Flashcards

2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945 Flashcards

Evaluate the collapse of democracy and the rise of the Nazi state in Germany. (153 cards)

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1
Q

What political crisis in October to November 1918 helped bring down the Kaiserreich?

A

Naval mutiny

The Kiel mutiny triggered wider revolution and exposed the collapse of imperial authority.

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2
Q

Which German Emperor abdicated in November 1918?

A

Kaiser Wilhelm II

His abdication marked the end of the German monarchy and cleared the way for a republic.

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3
Q

Which politician proclaimed the German Republic in November 1918?

A

Philipp Scheidemann

He acted before a more radical socialist republic could be declared by the far left.

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4
Q

Which party was the main moderate socialist force at the birth of Weimar?

A

SPD

The Social Democratic Party played the leading role in establishing the new republic.

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5
Q

Fill in the blank:

The constitution of the new German republic was drawn up at _____

A

Weimar

Berlin was too unstable, so the National Assembly met in Weimar.

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6
Q

What was the elected parliament of the Weimar Republic called?

A

Reichstag

It was chosen by proportional representation.

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7
Q

Which office held important emergency powers under Article 48?

A

President

The President could rule by decree in times of crisis.

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8
Q

What voting system was used for Reichstag elections in Weimar Germany?

A

Proportional representation

It was democratic but often produced fragmented parliaments and unstable coalitions.

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9
Q

Give one strength of the Weimar Constitution.

A

Universal suffrage

It gave the vote to all adult men and women aged 20 and over.

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10
Q

Give one weakness of the Weimar Constitution.

A

Article 48

Emergency powers could be abused and undermined parliamentary democracy.

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11
Q

True or False:

The Weimar Constitution created a system with no democratic features.

A

False

It was highly democratic in many respects, despite important structural weaknesses.

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12
Q

What term is used for the belief that Germany had not really been defeated militarily in 1918?

A

Stab-in-the-back myth

Nationalists used it to blame civilians, socialists and Jews for defeat.

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13
Q

What did many Germans expect from the peace settlement in 1919?

A

Fair treatment

Instead, many were shocked by the harshness of the terms imposed.

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14
Q

Which treaty formally ended the war between Germany and the Allies in 1919?

A

Treaty of Versailles

It was deeply unpopular in Germany and became a source of lasting resentment.

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15
Q

What clause of the Treaty of Versailles placed blame for the war on Germany?

A

War guilt clause

Article 231 was especially offensive to German opinion.

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16
Q

What were reparations?

A

Compensation payments

Germany was required to pay for damage caused by the war.

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17
Q

What happened to Germany’s armed forces under the peace settlement?

A

They were reduced

The army was limited and conscription was banned.

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18
Q

What happened to Germany’s territory under the Treaty of Versailles?

A

Territorial losses

Germany lost land in Europe and all of its overseas colonies.

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19
Q

True or False:

Most Germans welcomed the Treaty of Versailles as a fair compromise.

A

False

It was widely condemned as a dictated peace and a national humiliation.

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20
Q

What was one major post-war problem facing the German economy after 1918?

A

Heavy debt

War costs, reparations and disruption left Germany in a weak economic position.

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21
Q

What happened to prices in Germany in the early post-war years before 1923?

A

Inflation rose

The government increasingly relied on printing money to meet its obligations.

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22
Q

What is hyperinflation?

A

Runaway inflation

Money rapidly lost value, making savings and wages almost worthless.

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23
Q

Fill in the blank:

The worst German hyperinflation crisis occurred in _____

A

1923

By late 1923 prices were rising at an extreme and chaotic rate.

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24
Q

Why did France and Belgium invade the Ruhr in 1923?

A

Reparations default

Germany had fallen behind on deliveries and payments required under Versailles.

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25
What policy did the **German government** adopt in response to the **Ruhr invasion**?
Passive resistance ## Footnote Workers were told not to cooperate with the occupiers, worsening the economic crisis.
26
How did **passive resistance** affect the **German economy** in **1923**?
Worsened hyperinflation ## Footnote The government printed more money to support striking workers and businesses.
27
Which **social group** was hit especially hard by **hyperinflation** because it relied on **savings**?
Middle class ## Footnote Many saw lifetime savings wiped out, breeding bitterness towards the republic.
28
What happened to **workers' wages** during **hyperinflation**?
Lagged behind prices ## Footnote Even when wages rose, they often failed to keep pace with the collapse in money value.
29
Give one **social effect** of **hyperinflation**.
Loss of savings ## Footnote It destabilised daily life and damaged faith in democratic government.
30
What was the **Kapp Putsch**?
Right-wing coup attempt ## Footnote In 1920, Wolfgang Kapp and his supporters tried to overthrow the republic in Berlin.
31
Why did the **Kapp Putsch** ultimately fail?
General strike ## Footnote Workers shut down transport and services, paralysing the putschists.
32
Which side of **politics** also launched uprisings against **Weimar** in its early years?
left-wing ## Footnote Communist and other revolutionary movements challenged the republic as well.
33
# True or False: Early threats to **Weimar** came only from the **political right**.
False ## Footnote The republic was attacked by extremists from both left and right.
34
Which failed **Nazi uprising** took place in **Bavaria** in **1923**?
Munich Putsch ## Footnote Hitler tried to seize power in imitation of Mussolini's March on Rome.
35
What was one political result of the **Munich Putsch** for **Hitler**?
National publicity ## Footnote The trial turned him into a nationally known figure despite the putsch's failure.
36
Why were **coalition governments** common in **Weimar Germany**?
Fragmented parties ## Footnote Proportional representation made it hard for one party to secure a majority.
37
What was the state of the **Weimar Republic** by **1924**?
More stable but fragile ## Footnote The worst crisis had eased, but many enemies of democracy remained.
38
Which **politician** became most closely associated with **Weimar recovery** after **1923**?
Stresemann ## Footnote He played a key role in stabilising Germany at home and abroad.
39
What **plan** in **1924** reorganised German **reparations** and brought in **US loans**?
Dawes Plan ## Footnote It eased short-term pressure and helped economic recovery.
40
How did the **Dawes Plan** help **Germany**?
American loans ## Footnote Foreign capital supported investment, recovery and reparations payments.
41
What was one **weakness** of **Germany's recovery** after **1924**?
Dependence on US loans ## Footnote This made the economy vulnerable to shocks from abroad.
42
How did **German industry** perform during the mid-**1920s**?
Partial recovery ## Footnote Some sectors revived strongly, though structural weaknesses remained.
43
How did **agriculture** fare in the so-called **Golden Age**?
Struggled ## Footnote Many farmers faced debt, low prices and continuing hardship.
44
Which **plan** of **1929** further revised **reparations**?
Young Plan ## Footnote It reduced and spread out payments but remained controversial in Germany.
45
What happened to **social welfare** in the mid-**1920s**?
It expanded ## Footnote The republic developed welfare provision and improved support in some areas.
46
What term is often used for the **cultural flowering** of **Germany** in the mid-**1920s**?
Weimar culture ## Footnote It became associated with experimentation, modernism and urban creativity.
47
Which **artistic school** is strongly associated with **Weimar architecture and design**?
Bauhaus ## Footnote It promoted modernist principles of function, simplicity and innovation.
48
What was one characteristic of **Weimar art and culture**?
Experimentation ## Footnote Artists and writers often challenged traditional values and forms.
49
Which **medium** became especially important in **Weimar cultural life**?
Film ## Footnote German cinema flourished and gained international significance.
50
What happened to **living standards** for many **Germans** in the mid-**1920s**?
They improved ## Footnote Recovery was real for many urban Germans, though uneven and insecure.
51
Who was elected **President of Germany** in **1925**?
Hindenburg ## Footnote Though a conservative nationalist, he formally upheld the republic for much of the period.
52
How did many **elites** view the **Weimar Republic**?
With suspicion ## Footnote Landowners, army leaders and conservative officials often lacked full commitment to democracy.
53
# True or False: By **1928** extremist parties had completely disappeared from **German politics**.
False ## Footnote The Nazis and Communists remained present, though relatively weak for a time.
54
How politically **stable** was **Germany** between **1924** and **1928**?
Relatively stable ## Footnote Compared with the early years, there was less violence and more workable government.
55
What was **Stresemann's** main **foreign policy aim**?
Revise Versailles peacefully ## Footnote He wanted Germany restored as a respected great power without war.
56
What were the **Locarno Treaties of 1925** associated with?
Reconciliation in the West ## Footnote Germany accepted western frontiers and gained improved relations with France and Britain.
57
When did **Germany** join the **League of Nations**?
1926 ## Footnote Membership marked greater international acceptance of the republic.
58
Which **treaty** of **1926** improved German relations with the **Soviet Union**?
Treaty of Berlin ## Footnote It maintained friendly ties with the USSR alongside Stresemann's western diplomacy.
59
What happened to **Allied occupation** in **Germany** during the later **1920s**?
It was reduced ## Footnote Stresemann's diplomacy helped secure the end of some occupation controls.
60
What did **Stresemann** seek in relation to **armaments**?
Disarmament revision ## Footnote He wanted Germany treated more equally and restrictions softened.
61
# Fill in the blank: Germany's period of relative prosperity from **1924 to 1928** is often called the _\_\_\_\_ Age
Golden ## Footnote The phrase reflects recovery, but the stability of the period was limited.
62
What **event from abroad** triggered the collapse of **Weimar stability** after **1928**?
Wall Street Crash ## Footnote The global Depression exposed Germany's reliance on foreign borrowing.
63
What was the main **economic effect** of the **Depression** in **Germany**?
Mass unemployment ## Footnote Factory closures and shrinking trade caused severe hardship.
64
How did the **Depression** affect **German politics**?
It boosted extremism ## Footnote Economic misery weakened faith in moderate parties and parliamentary democracy.
65
What happened to **coalition government** during the **Depression**?
It broke down ## Footnote Governments increasingly struggled to command Reichstag majorities.
66
Which **extremist party** on the right gained rapidly after **1929**?
Nazis ## Footnote They combined nationalism, anti-Marxism and propaganda to broaden support.
67
Which **extremist party** on the left also gained support during the **Depression**?
Communists ## Footnote The KPD appealed especially to some unemployed and disillusioned workers.
68
What was one major reason for the appeal of **Nazism**?
Promise of national revival ## Footnote The Nazis offered strong leadership, jobs and a rejection of Versailles.
69
What was one major reason for the appeal of **Communism**?
Anger at capitalism ## Footnote Economic collapse made revolutionary alternatives more attractive to some voters.
70
How did the **Nazis** use **propaganda**?
To widen appeal ## Footnote Posters, rallies, speeches and modern campaigning helped them reach many groups.
71
Which elderly **President** played a decisive part in **Hitler's rise to power**?
Hindenburg ## Footnote He appointed chancellors and eventually made Hitler chancellor in January 1933.
72
Which **conservative politician** served as chancellor before **Schleicher** and helped intrigue around **Hitler's appointment**?
Papen ## Footnote He believed Hitler could be controlled within a conservative-led government.
73
Which **general** briefly became chancellor just before **Hitler**?
Schleicher ## Footnote His failure to build support opened the way for Papen's deal with Hitler.
74
What phrase describes the **elite manoeuvring** that led to **Hitler** becoming chancellor?
Backstairs intrigue ## Footnote Conservative politicians hoped to use Hitler for their own ends.
75
On what date was **Hitler** appointed chancellor?
30 January 1933 ## Footnote He came to office through appointment, not by winning an outright majority.
76
# True or False: **Hitler** became chancellor because the **Nazis** had already won more than half the vote.
False ## Footnote The Nazis were the largest party, but they never gained an overall majority in free elections.
77
What **event** in **February 1933** was used to justify emergency measures against opponents?
Reichstag Fire ## Footnote The Nazis blamed communists and used the crisis to crush civil liberties.
78
How did the **Reichstag Fire** help the **Nazis**?
Emergency decree ## Footnote It allowed arrests, censorship and the suspension of key freedoms.
79
Which **law** of **March 1933** gave **Hitler** the power to make laws without the **Reichstag**?
Enabling Act ## Footnote It effectively destroyed parliamentary democracy in Germany.
80
# Fill in the blank: The law that ended democracy in **March 1933** was the _\_\_\_\_ Act
Enabling ## Footnote It transferred legislative power from parliament to Hitler's government.
81
What was the state of **Germany** by **March 1933**?
Democracy destroyed ## Footnote Opposition had been intimidated and legal dictatorship had been established.
82
Which **law** in **March 1933** allowed **Hitler** to make laws without the **Reichstag**?
Enabling Act ## Footnote It destroyed parliamentary democracy and gave Hitler the legal basis for dictatorship.
83
What happened to **Germany's political system** between **March 1933** and **1934**?
One-party state ## Footnote Other parties were banned or dissolved, leaving the Nazis in sole control.
84
What was **Gleichschaltung**?
Coordination ## Footnote It meant bringing institutions and society into line with Nazi control.
85
# Fill in the blank: The Nazi process of bringing **Germany** into line was called _\_\_\_\_
Gleichschaltung ## Footnote It affected government, regions, culture, trade unions and voluntary bodies.
86
What happened to the **German federal states** under **Nazi rule**?
Centralised control ## Footnote Regional independence was reduced as the regime strengthened rule from Berlin.
87
Which **organisation** replaced free **trade unions** in **1933**?
German Labour Front ## Footnote The DAF controlled workers after independent unions were destroyed.
88
What happened on the **Night of the Long Knives** in **June 1934**?
Purge of rivals ## Footnote Hitler ordered killings to remove threats within the Nazi movement and beyond.
89
Which **Nazi organisation** was the main target of the **Night of the Long Knives**?
SA ## Footnote Its leadership, especially Röhm, was cut down to reassure the army and conservatives.
90
Why was the **Night of the Long Knives** important for **Hitler**?
Secured army support ## Footnote It removed opponents and increased the loyalty of key elites.
91
What was the effect of **President Hindenburg's death** in **August 1934**?
Hitler became Führer ## Footnote Hitler merged the offices of chancellor and president.
92
# True or False: **Hindenburg's death** weakened **Hitler's authority** in **Germany**.
False ## Footnote It allowed Hitler to combine offices and strengthen his personal rule.
93
Which **organisation** became central to **Nazi terror** and racial policy?
SS ## Footnote Under Himmler, it grew into a powerful state within a state.
94
What was the **Gestapo**?
Secret police ## Footnote It investigated opponents and relied heavily on surveillance and denunciations.
95
What role did the **courts** often play in the **Nazi state**?
Enforced dictatorship ## Footnote Judges frequently upheld Nazi priorities rather than independent justice.
96
Give one reason why **opposition** to the **Nazis** was limited.
Repression ## Footnote Fear of arrest, job loss and violence discouraged open resistance.
97
What is meant by **non-conformity** in **Nazi Germany**?
Refusal to fit in ## Footnote It included behaviour and attitudes that did not match Nazi expectations.
98
What was the main aim of **Nazi propaganda**?
Shape opinion ## Footnote It sought to win support, spread ideology and glorify Hitler.
99
Which **Nazi minister** was chiefly responsible for **propaganda**?
Goebbels ## Footnote He controlled radio, press, film and public spectacle.
100
# Fill in the blank: **Hitler's propaganda minister** was Joseph _\_\_\_\_
Goebbels ## Footnote He helped make propaganda a constant feature of everyday life.
101
Give one important method used by **Nazi propaganda**.
Radio ## Footnote Cheap radios helped the regime spread its message into homes.
102
To what extent was **Nazi Germany** totalitarian?
Extensive but incomplete ## Footnote The regime aimed for total control, but some limits and private spaces remained.
103
Which **economist** helped early **Nazi recovery** through public works and financial devices?
Schacht ## Footnote He played a major role in reducing unemployment in the mid-1930s.
104
What was one main aim of **Nazi economic policy** after **1933**?
Reduce unemployment ## Footnote The regime wanted recovery, stability and support.
105
Which leading **Nazi** became responsible for the **Four Year Plan** in **1936**?
Goering ## Footnote He was tasked with preparing Germany for war.
106
What was the purpose of the **Four Year Plan**?
Prepare for war ## Footnote It pushed rearmament and greater economic self-sufficiency.
107
How did **industrial elites** generally respond to **Nazi rule**?
Cautious cooperation ## Footnote Many benefited from contracts and stability, even if not all were ideological Nazis.
108
# True or False: **Nazi economic recovery** completely solved every economic weakness before **1939**.
False ## Footnote Rearmament helped growth, but shortages and inefficiencies remained.
109
What was the **Hitler Youth**?
Youth organisation ## Footnote It aimed to indoctrinate boys with Nazi values, discipline and loyalty.
110
What was the **League of German Girls**?
Girls' organisation ## Footnote It trained girls for roles linked to motherhood, fitness and service.
111
What did **Nazi policy** encourage **women** to prioritise?
Motherhood ## Footnote The regime praised women mainly as wives and mothers within the racial state.
112
How did **Nazi policy** affect **workers**?
Mixed impact ## Footnote Unemployment fell, but independent unions and bargaining rights disappeared.
113
What was **Strength Through Joy**?
Leisure programme ## Footnote It offered organised holidays and activities to encourage loyalty.
114
How did the **Nazis** deal with the **churches**?
Pressure and compromise ## Footnote They tried to control religion, though church influence could not be removed entirely.
115
What does **Volksgemeinschaft** mean?
People's community ## Footnote It was the Nazi idea of a racially unified national community.
116
# True or False: **Volksgemeinschaft** included all people living in **Germany** equally.
False ## Footnote It excluded those the Nazis saw as racial or social outsiders.
117
What was one benefit of **Nazi rule** for some **Germans** in the **1930s**?
Lower unemployment ## Footnote Economic recovery and national pride won support from many citizens.
118
What was one drawback of **Nazi rule** for ordinary **Germans**?
Loss of freedom ## Footnote Political opposition, free speech and civil liberties were heavily restricted.
119
What was at the core of **Nazi racial ideology**?
Racial hierarchy ## Footnote Nazis believed in Aryan superiority and the inferiority of other groups.
120
Which **group** was targeted by **Nazi policy** as mentally or physically 'unfit'?
Mentally ill ## Footnote The regime pursued sterilisation and later murder under eugenic ideas.
121
Which **social label** did the **Nazis** use for people they saw as outsiders or undesirables?
Asocials ## Footnote This category was vague and used to persecute many marginal groups.
122
How did the **Nazis** treat **homosexual men**?
Persecution ## Footnote They were criminalised, arrested and often sent to camps.
123
Which travelling **ethnic minority** was targeted by **Nazi racial policy** alongside the **Jews**?
Roma and Sinti ## Footnote They faced discrimination, persecution and mass murder.
124
What happened in the **boycott of Jewish shops** in **April 1933**?
Anti-Jewish protest ## Footnote SA activists intimidated customers and marked Jewish businesses.
125
What were the **Nuremberg Laws**?
Racial laws ## Footnote They removed Jewish citizenship and banned marriage with non-Jews.
126
# Fill in the blank: The anti-Jewish racial laws of **1935** were the _\_\_\_\_ Laws
Nuremberg ## Footnote They made exclusion of Jews a formal legal principle of the state.
127
How did **Nazi anti-Semitic policy** change between **1933** and **1939**?
Became more radical ## Footnote Discrimination deepened from boycott and exclusion to violence and forced emigration.
128
Why did the **Anschluss** matter for **anti-Semitic policy**?
Widened persecution ## Footnote It brought Austrian Jews under Nazi control and intensified brutality.
129
What was **Reichkristallnacht**?
Anti-Jewish pogrom ## Footnote In November 1938 synagogues, homes and businesses were attacked across the Reich.
130
# True or False: **Reichkristallnacht** was a spontaneous and unorganised riot with no regime involvement.
False ## Footnote It was encouraged and directed by the Nazi regime.
131
What was one effect of **Nazi persecution** on **Jewish emigration** before the war?
Increased departures ## Footnote Many Jews tried to leave, though barriers abroad limited escape.
132
How did the conquest of **Poland** affect **Nazi anti-Jewish policy**?
More Jews under rule ## Footnote German occupation greatly expanded the number of Jews under Nazi control.
133
What were **Einsatzgruppen**?
Mobile killing units ## Footnote They followed the army and murdered Jews and others in occupied territories.
134
What were **ghettos** in **Nazi-occupied eastern Europe**?
Segregated districts ## Footnote Jews were forced into overcrowded, controlled urban areas.
135
What happened to many **Jews** before the **death camps** became central?
Deportation and confinement ## Footnote Nazi policy moved from exclusion to concentration, forced movement and mass murder.
136
What was one aim of wartime **rationing** and **propaganda** in **Germany**?
Maintain morale ## Footnote The regime tried to sustain support despite hardship and losses.
137
How did **war** affect **German women**?
Greater demands ## Footnote Women faced bombing, shortages and increasing pressure to support the war effort.
138
How did **war** affect **German youth**?
More mobilisation ## Footnote Young people faced tighter control, military preparation and later direct involvement.
139
What change did **total war** bring to **workers' lives**?
Harsher conditions ## Footnote Longer hours, stricter discipline and shortages became more common.
140
Which **Nazi minister** reorganised the **war economy** from **1942**?
Speer ## Footnote He improved coordination and increased armaments production.
141
What was one effect of **Allied bombing** on **Germany**?
Urban destruction ## Footnote Bombing damaged industry, transport, housing and morale.
142
How did the **Nazis** respond to wartime **labour shortages**?
Forced labour ## Footnote Millions of foreign workers and prisoners were used in the war economy.
143
# Fill in the blank: From **1942**, the wartime economy was reorganised by Albert _\_\_\_\_
Speer ## Footnote His methods increased production despite bombing and shortages.
144
What term did the **Nazis** use for peoples they regarded as racially inferior in the **East**?
Untermenschen ## Footnote The label helped justify brutal occupation and mass killing.
145
What was the **Wannsee Conference**?
Coordination meeting ## Footnote In January 1942 officials discussed organising the Final Solution.
146
What was the **Final Solution**?
Systematic extermination ## Footnote It was the Nazi plan for the mass murder of the Jews of Europe.
147
# True or False: The **Final Solution** meant only further emigration of **Jews** from **Europe**.
False ## Footnote It meant organised, industrialised mass murder.
148
Which **student resistance group** became famous for anti-Nazi leaflets?
White Rose ## Footnote Its members, including Hans and Sophie Scholl, were executed.
149
Which type of **churchmen** became known for criticising aspects of **Nazi rule**?
Clergy ## Footnote Some church figures protested against persecution and moral abuses.
150
Which group within the **German elite** produced the **July Bomb Plot**?
Army officers ## Footnote Conservative and military opponents tried to kill Hitler in 1944.
151
What was the **July Bomb Plot**?
Failed assassination attempt ## Footnote On 20 July 1944 conspirators tried to kill Hitler and seize power.
152
What was one result of the **July Bomb Plot**?
Savage reprisals ## Footnote Thousands were arrested, executed or implicated after the failure.
153
What was the overall state of **Nazi Germany** by **1945**?
Collapsing dictatorship ## Footnote Military defeat, bombing, repression and genocide defined the regime's final phase.
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