1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603

Which monarch united the English and Scottish crowns in 1603?

James I

James VI of Scotland became James I of England.

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What term describes the group of landowners and elites involved in national politics?

Political Nation

Included nobles, gentry and influential landowners.

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What form of wealth traditionally gave political influence in early Stuart England?

Land ownership

Landed elites dominated political power.

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True or False:

Merchants and commercial wealth had no political influence in early Stuart England.

False

Growing trade gave merchants increasing influence.

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Which belief in monarchy held that kings were appointed by God and not accountable to subjects?

Divine Right

James I strongly supported this principle.

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Which Stuart king wrote extensively defending the Divine Right of Kings?

James I

His political writings emphasised royal authority.

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Fill in the blank:

The belief that kings ruled with authority granted by God is known as the ______ Right of Kings.

Divine

This idea often clashed with parliamentary views.

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What term describes powerful courtiers who gained influence over the king?

Favourites

Figures such as Buckingham gained great power.

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Which favourite dominated the courts of both James I and Charles I?

Duke of Buckingham

George Villiers held enormous influence until his assassination.

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True or False:

Charles I trusted Parliament more than his father did.

False

Charles often clashed with Parliament.

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Which major problem weakened the Stuart monarchy’s authority in the early 17th century?

Financial weakness

The Crown lacked sufficient revenue.

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Which financial policy attempted to raise money without parliamentary approval under Charles I?

Forced loans

Subjects were compelled to lend money to the Crown.

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Fill in the blank:

Charles I attempted to raise revenue without Parliament through ______ loans.

Forced

This policy caused widespread resentment.

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Which document in 1628 demanded limits on royal taxation without parliamentary consent?

Petition of Right

Parliament attempted to restrain royal authority.

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True or False:

Charles I fully accepted the principles of the Petition of Right.

False

He later ignored many of its provisions.

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Which branch of Christianity was the official church in England during the early Stuart period?

Church of England

It remained the established church.

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Which religious group wanted further reform of the Church of England?

Puritans

They sought to remove remaining Catholic elements.

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Which religious group remained loyal to the Pope and was viewed with suspicion in England?

Catholics

They faced restrictions and persecution.

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What theological movement emphasised ceremony and hierarchy within the Church of England?

Arminianism

It was supported by Charles I and Archbishop Laud.

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True or False:

Arminianism was widely supported by Puritans in England.

False

Puritans strongly opposed it.

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Which archbishop strongly supported Arminian religious reforms?

William Laud

He became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633.

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What period between 1629 and 1640 did Charles I rule without Parliament?

Personal Rule

Also called the Eleven Years’ Tyranny by critics.

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Which controversial tax was collected during the Personal Rule without parliamentary approval?

Ship money

Traditionally raised only in coastal areas during wartime.

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True or False:

Ship money was widely accepted without opposition.

False

Many landowners resisted paying it.

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Which **neighbouring kingdom** resisted **Charles I’s religious reforms in the late 1630s**?

Scotland ## Footnote Opposition triggered armed conflict.

Which **conflict began in 1639** between Charles I and the **Scottish Covenanters**?

Bishops' Wars ## Footnote These wars weakened royal authority.

Which **parliament** met briefly in **1640** but was quickly dissolved by Charles I?

Short Parliament ## Footnote It refused to grant funds without addressing grievances.

What **form of government** replaced the **monarchy in England after 1649**?

Republic ## Footnote England was declared a Commonwealth after the execution of Charles I.

Which **English army leader** defeated the **Scots at the Battle of Dunbar in 1650**?

Oliver Cromwell ## Footnote This victory helped secure the Commonwealth’s control.

Which **battle in 1651** marked the **final defeat of Charles II’s attempt to regain the throne**?

Battle of Worcester ## Footnote Charles II fled abroad after the defeat.

# True or False: **Charles II** successfully reclaimed the English throne in 1651.

False ## Footnote He escaped to exile after the defeat at Worcester.

Which **parliamentary body** governed England after the Civil War until 1653?

Rump Parliament ## Footnote It consisted of MPs remaining after Pride’s Purge.

What **political ideology** supported **rule without a monarch**?

Republicanism ## Footnote Advocated government based on parliamentary authority.

Which religious belief predicted the **imminent return of Christ and a thousand-year kingdom**?

Millenarianism ## Footnote It influenced radical groups in the 1650s.

Which **assembly of radical Protestants** replaced the **Rump Parliament in 1653**?

Parliament of Saints ## Footnote Also called Barebone’s Parliament.

# True or False: The **Parliament of Saints** governed England successfully for many years.

False ## Footnote It lasted only a few months before dissolving itself.

What **title** did **Oliver Cromwell** hold after becoming head of state in 1653?

Lord Protector ## Footnote He ruled under the Instrument of Government.

What **political system** under Cromwell replaced the monarchy between **1653 and 1658**?

Protectorate ## Footnote Cromwell ruled as Lord Protector with parliamentary support.

# Fill in the blank: Cromwell ruled England as **_\_\_\_\_\_ Protector** from 1653.

Lord ## Footnote This position made him the head of government.

Which **administrative officials** governed regions of England during **Cromwell’s rule in the 1650s**?

Major-Generals ## Footnote They enforced moral reform and security.

# True or False: The **rule of the Major-Generals** was widely popular with the Political Nation.

False ## Footnote Many landowners resented military rule.

Which **group of landowners and elites** influenced **national politics during this period**?

Political Nation ## Footnote Their support was essential for stable government.

Which **Stuart monarch** returned to the throne in **1660**?

Charles II ## Footnote His restoration ended the republican experiment.

# Fill in the blank: The monarchy was restored in 1660 with the return of **_\_\_\_\_\_ II**.

Charles ## Footnote The event is known as the Restoration.

What **political system** returned in 1660 alongside the monarchy?

Parliamentary monarchy ## Footnote The king ruled with Parliament.

Which **chief minister** dominated early government under **Charles II**?

Earl of Clarendon ## Footnote Edward Hyde shaped early Restoration policy.

# True or False: **Charles II** ruled entirely without Parliament after 1660.

False ## Footnote Parliament remained an important institution.

What name was given to the **group of ministers who advised Charles II in the late 1660s**?

Cabal ## Footnote The acronym came from the initials of key ministers.

Which **minister** became influential in the later years of **Charles II’s reign**?

Earl of Danby ## Footnote He promoted Anglican interests and royal authority.

What **political divisions** emerged in the late 17th century between **supporters and critics of the court**?

Court and Country parties ## Footnote Early political groupings in Parliament.

Which **religious institution** was restored as the **official church after 1660**?

Church of England ## Footnote Anglicanism was re-established after the Commonwealth.

# True or False: **Religious divisions** disappeared after the Restoration.

False ## Footnote Conflicts continued between Anglicans, Catholics and dissenters.

Which **religious minority** caused political anxiety because of **fears of Catholic influence at court**?

Catholics ## Footnote Suspicion increased during the reigns of Charles II and James II.

# Fill in the blank: Protestants who refused to follow the Church of England were known as **_\_\_\_\_\_**.

Dissenters ## Footnote They faced restrictions under the Restoration settlement.

What **political crisis in the late 1670s** attempted to prevent **James II from becoming king**?

Exclusion Crisis ## Footnote Parliament attempted to exclude the Catholic heir.

# True or False: The **Exclusion Crisis** successfully prevented James II from inheriting the throne.

False ## Footnote James II became king in 1685.

Which **king** succeeded **Charles II in 1685**?

James II ## Footnote His Catholicism caused political conflict.

What **political aim** did **James II** pursue that alarmed many members of the Political Nation?

Absolutism ## Footnote He attempted to strengthen royal authority and promote Catholicism.

# Fill in the blank: The **Catholic monarch** who ruled England from 1685 to 1688 was **_\_\_\_\_\_ II**.

James ## Footnote His policies triggered widespread opposition.

What **event in 1688** replaced **James II with William and Mary**?

Glorious Revolution ## Footnote It established parliamentary supremacy.

# True or False: The **Glorious Revolution** involved a long and destructive civil war in England.

False ## Footnote James II fled and power changed with relatively little bloodshed in England.

Which **Dutch prince** became **king of England after the Glorious Revolution**?

William III ## Footnote He ruled jointly with Mary II.

Which **English queen** ruled jointly with **William III after 1689**?

Mary II ## Footnote Daughter of James II.

Which **two political parties** emerged during the **late 17th century**?

Whigs and Tories ## Footnote They became lasting political groupings.

What **document in 1689** limited royal power and confirmed **parliamentary rights**?

Bill of Rights ## Footnote A key step in establishing constitutional monarchy.

# True or False: The **Bill of Rights** strengthened the absolute authority of the monarch.

False ## Footnote It limited royal power and enhanced Parliament’s authority.

What **religious change** allowed **limited freedom for Protestant dissenters after 1689**?

Religious toleration ## Footnote The Toleration Act allowed some freedom of worship.

# Fill in the blank: The law granting limited freedom of worship to Protestant dissenters was the **_\_\_\_\_\_ Act**.

Toleration ## Footnote Passed in 1689 under William and Mary.

Which **act in 1701** determined the future **Protestant succession to the throne**?

Act of Settlement ## Footnote It excluded Catholic claimants from the monarchy.

What **system of government** had developed in Britain by the early 18th century?

Constitutional monarchy ## Footnote Power was shared between Crown and Parliament.

# True or False: By 1702 the monarch still ruled Britain without parliamentary influence.

False ## Footnote Parliament had gained significant political authority.

What was the **general religious position of the Church of England by 1702**?

Established church ## Footnote Anglicanism remained the official national church.

Which **religious groups** still faced restrictions in Britain by 1702?

Catholics ## Footnote Anti-Catholic laws limited their rights and influence.

# Fill in the blank: By 1702 Britain had developed a **_\_\_\_\_\_ monarchy** in which Parliament shared power.

Constitutional ## Footnote The Glorious Revolution had reshaped royal authority.

1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 Flashcards

Evaluate the causes and consequences of political conflict, civil war and constitutional change in Stuart Britain. (74 cards)