A-Level History (OCR) > The English Civil War and Interregnum > Flashcards

The English Civil War and Interregnum Flashcards

Analyse the causes, course and consequences of civil war and republican rule. (147 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

Which king’s reign left Charles I a difficult political and religious legacy in 1625?

A

James I

James left unresolved tensions over finance, religion, Parliament and foreign policy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What religious issues inherited from James I continued to divide England under Charles I?

A
  • Divisions within Protestantism
  • Growing conflict over Arminian reforms
  • Puritan opposition to royal clergy

Conflicts between conformists and Puritans remained a major source of tension.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What constitutional issue from James I’s reign remained unresolved in 1625?

A

Crown-Parliament relations

Disputes over taxation, privilege and royal authority continued into Charles’s reign.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which aspect of foreign policy helped create tension at the start of Charles I’s reign?

A

Poor relations with foreign powers

Failed diplomacy and unpopular wars damaged confidence in the Crown.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What idea of kingship strongly shaped Charles I’s view of monarchy?

A

Divine Right

He believed kings were appointed by God and owed limited accountability to subjects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How did belief in Divine Right affect Charles I’s attitude to Parliament?

A

He saw it as subordinate.

He expected obedience and disliked challenges to royal authority.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What aspect of Charles I’s personality contributed to political conflict?

A

Inflexibility

He was principled but stubborn, making compromise difficult.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

True or False:

Charles I generally welcomed open criticism of his authority from Parliament.

A

False

He viewed sustained criticism as an attack on lawful monarchy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which queen influenced court culture and increased political suspicion during Charles I’s reign?

A

Henrietta Maria

Her Catholicism alarmed many Protestants and fed fears about royal policy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why did Henrietta Maria arouse mistrust in England?

A
  • She was an openly Catholic queen.
  • Feared French influence over monarchy.

Many feared Catholic influence at court and in policy-making.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which royal favourite became the focus of intense criticism in the 1620s?

A

Buckingham

George Villiers was blamed for military failure and bad advice.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What was one major source of opposition to Charles I’s government in 1625–1629?

A

Resistance to illegal royal taxation.

(e.g., tonnage and poundage)

Many objected to forced loans and other non-parliamentary methods of raising money.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why did Charles I’s financial measures cause resentment?

A
  • Taxation without parliamentary approval.
  • Forced loans seen as illegal.

Critics thought they bypassed traditional consent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which area of policy, besides finance, produced intense opposition to Charles in the late 1620s?

A

The Church

Religious changes and fears of Arminian influence angered many Protestants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name four causes of opposition to Charles I in the late 1620s.

A
  • Buckingham’s repeated foreign policy failures
  • Arminian influence alarming English Puritans
  • Illegal taxation without parliamentary consent
  • King undermined Parliament’s traditional authority

Religion, foreign policy and fears of arbitrary rule were also central.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why was foreign policy unpopular under Charles I’s early rule?

A

Military failures and expense

Failed expeditions made Parliament less willing to fund the king.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What made Buckingham especially unpopular in relation to foreign policy?

A

He was blamed for failure.

Disastrous campaigns made him a symbol of incompetence and misgovernment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What term describes the more confrontational attitude adopted by some MPs in the late 1620s?

A

Parliamentary radicalism

Some MPs increasingly challenged not just policies but the king’s methods of rule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which important constitutional document was presented to Charles I in 1628?

A

Petition of Right

It challenged abuses such as taxation without consent and arbitrary imprisonment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What did the Petition of Right aim to defend?

A

Traditional liberties

It insisted the king must respect established law and custom.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Rank the three consequences of the Petition of Right in order of significance.

A
  • Limited king’s arbitrary powers
  • Deepened mistrust between crown‑Parliament (Charles later ignored it)
  • Helped spark constitutional conflict
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What action did Charles carry out in 1629?

A

Parliament was dissolved.

Charles decided to rule without Parliament, beginning the Personal Rule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which of the following was the most important reason for the Dissolution of Parliament in 1629?

A
  • Commons condemned Charles’s illegal taxation
  • Puritan MPs attacked Arminian policies
  • Parliament defied royal adjournment order (physically restraining the Speaker)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What name is given to Charles I’s period of rule without Parliament from 1629?

A

Personal Rule

Critics later called it the Eleven Years’ Tyranny.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Which chief **minister** became especially important in Church policy during the Personal Rule?
Laud ## Footnote William Laud promoted ceremonial worship and anti-Puritan policies.
26
Which chief **minister** became central to Charles I’s political strategy in the 1630s?
Wentworth ## Footnote Thomas Wentworth helped enforce royal authority in England and Ireland.
27
What was Charles I trying to prove through Personal Rule?
That monarchy could govern alone. ## Footnote He sought efficient and orderly government without dependence on Parliament.
28
# True or False: Charles I recalled Parliament regularly throughout the 1630s.
False ## Footnote He avoided Parliament for eleven years after 1629.
29
Why did the finanical policy of **Ship money** during Personal Rule become especially controversial?
It was extended beyond coastal areas and levied in peacetime.
30
Why did ship money provoke such opposition?
It bypassed parliamentary consent. ## Footnote Many saw it as illegal and a symbol of arbitrary government.
31
Which religious **movement** associated with Laud alarmed many Puritans?
Arminianism ## Footnote It emphasised ceremony, hierarchy and free will, seeming dangerously close to Catholicism.
32
Why did Puritans oppose Arminianism?
It seemed too Catholic. ## Footnote They feared it undermined the Protestant character of the Church of England.
33
Give three of **Archbishop Laud**'s ceremonial reforms
* Raised altars to east — moving communion tables to the east end and railing them off. * Insisted on ceremonial worship — more bowing, kneeling, vestments, and beautifying churches. * Enforced strict uniformity — punished Puritan preachers and imposed Arminian doctrine through Church courts.
34
Give three of **Archbishop Laud**'s measures to enforce religious confirmity
* Fined heavily and excommunicated publicly. * Pillorying and physical mutilation. * Life imprisonment in remote castles.
35
# True or False: Laud’s policies generally reassured Puritans that the Church was becoming more Calvinist.
False ## Footnote Puritans saw Laud’s reforms as a threat to true religion.
36
In which **kingdom** did Charles’s religious policies help provoke especially fierce resistance?
Scotland ## Footnote Attempts to impose new prayer forms there caused major political crisis.
37
What agreement did Scottish opponents make in 1638 to defend their religion?
Scottish Covenant ## Footnote Covenanters pledged to resist religious innovations imposed by the king.
38
What are three terms of the **Scottish Covenant (1638)**?
* Rejected Charles’s Anglican liturgical reforms * Reaffirmed Presbyterian doctrine and discipline * Swore conditional loyalty to monarchy (obedience only if king upheld religion) ## Footnote It turned religious resistance into organised political opposition.
39
Which **wars** were fought between Charles I and the Scots in 1639 and 1640?
Bishops’ Wars ## Footnote These conflicts exposed the weakness of Charles’s military and financial position.
40
What was the Pacification of Berwick?
Temporary settlement with Scotland ## Footnote It ended the first Bishops’ War but solved little in the long term.
41
Why was the second Bishops’ War so damaging to Charles I?
It forced recall of Parliament. ## Footnote Military failure left him needing money and political support he could not obtain alone.
42
# True or False: Charles I decisively crushed the Scots before recalling Parliament in 1640.
False ## Footnote His failures against Scotland made the recall unavoidable.
43
Why did demands for the recall of Parliament grow by 1640?
The Crown lacked money and support. ## Footnote War and widespread grievances made Personal Rule unsustainable.
44
What does the phrase ‘the Political Nation’ suggest about 1640?
Politics involved a wider elite. ## Footnote Gentry, MPs and local leaders were increasingly engaged in national conflict.
45
# Fill in the blank: By 1640 Charles’s weakness was exposed because he needed money to fight the _\_\_\_\_.
Scots ## Footnote Military crisis reopened constitutional conflict in England.
46
What was one **strength** of Charles I in 1640?
He still possessed royal authority. ## Footnote Kingship retained prestige, patronage and legal powers.
47
What was one **weakness** of Charles I in 1640?
Deep mistrust of his intentions. ## Footnote Many feared he would resume arbitrary rule if given the chance.
48
What was one strength of parliamentary opposition in 1640?
Broad grievances against the Crown. ## Footnote Opposition united many who disliked Personal Rule, financial exactions and religious change.
49
What was one **weakness** of parliamentary opposition in 1640?
Internal divisions ## Footnote MPs differed over how far reform should go and how much to trust popular pressure.
50
# True or False: Parliamentary critics in 1640 were completely united in aims and methods.
False ## Footnote They shared grievances, but disagreed over religion, reform and strategy.
51
Which parliamentary **leader** became closely associated with radical opposition to Charles I?
John Pym ## Footnote He helped coordinate attacks on the king’s ministers and policies.
52
What document of 1641 set out a sweeping case against Charles I’s rule?
Grand Remonstrance ## Footnote It listed grievances and revealed how divided politics had become.
53
# Fill in the blank: John Pym played a key role in pushing forward parliamentary _\_\_\_\_ during the crisis of 1640–1642.
radicalism ## Footnote He helped turn grievances into an organised political programme.
54
Why was the Grand Remonstrance important?
It exposed deep division. ## Footnote Even Parliament itself was split over whether it should be passed.
55
What role did the London mob play in the crisis of 1641–1642?
It increased pressure on politics. ## Footnote Crowds influenced events and alarmed conservatives who feared disorder.
56
# True or False: Popular radicalism in London had no effect on relations between King and Parliament.
False ## Footnote Crowd pressure sharpened mistrust and made compromise harder.
57
Which royal **minister** was executed in 1641?
Strafford
58
List **three consequences** of Stratford's execution in 1641.
* Parliament’s power dramatically strengthened. * Trust between king and Parliament collapsed. * Radical factions pushed toward war.
59
# Fill in the blank: The execution of _\_\_\_\_ in 1641 was a major turning point in the collapse of trust.
Strafford ## Footnote It showed Parliament could force dramatic concessions from the king.
60
Why did negotiations between Charles I and the Long Parliament fail?
Neither side trusted the other. ## Footnote Each feared the other would destroy its position if concessions were made.
61
How did events in Ireland in 1641 worsen the crisis in England?
They raised fears over control of the army. ## Footnote King and Parliament both wanted military authority to deal with rebellion.
62
# True or False: The Irish crisis helped restore harmony between Crown and Parliament.
False ## Footnote It sharpened disputes over who should command armed force.
63
What was the failed arrest of the Five Members?
Charles’s attempt to seize MPs. ## Footnote It was seen as a shocking breach of parliamentary privilege.
64
Why was the attempt to arrest the Five Members so damaging?
* Breached fundamental Parliamentary privilege. * Destroyed remaining trust with Parliament. * Forced king’s flight from London. ## Footnote Many now believed Charles was prepared to use force against Parliament.
65
# Fill in the blank: Charles’s failed arrest of the Five Members in January 1642 convinced many that war was becoming _\_\_\_\_.
likely ## Footnote It drove moderates further away from the king.
66
What helped the development of a Royalist Party in 1642?
Desire for order and loyalty. ## Footnote Many supported the king because they feared rebellion, radicalism and social breakdown.
67
Why did local grievances matter in the slide to war?
National conflict drew in local tensions. ## Footnote Existing disputes over religion, power and community sharpened political alignment.
68
What final practical **step** showed that England was moving from crisis to civil war in 1642?
Military preparations ## Footnote Both sides began raising forces and organising for armed conflict.
69
# True or False: By the summer of 1642 both sides were still relying entirely on peaceful negotiation.
False ## Footnote Military organisation was already under way, showing that war was imminent.
70
What was one major **strength** of the Royalist cause at the start of the First Civil War?
Social prestige ## Footnote The king could draw support from nobles, gentry and those loyal to monarchy and order.
71
What was one major **weakness** of the Royalist war effort?
Limited resources ## Footnote Royalists often struggled for money, supplies and secure administrative control.
72
What advantage did Charles I have as leader of the Royalist cause?
Legitimacy of kingship ## Footnote Many subjects still saw obedience to the king as a political and moral duty.
73
# Fill in the blank: A key weakness of the Royalists in the First Civil War was their shortage of money and _\_\_\_\_.
supplies ## Footnote This made it harder to sustain armies over time.
74
What was one political **weakness** of the Royalist cause?
Reliance on local support ## Footnote Royal authority varied by region and could not always be imposed effectively.
75
What was one military **strength** of the Royalists early in the war?
Strong cavalry ## Footnote Royalist horse, especially under Prince Rupert, could be highly effective in battle.
76
Which Royalist **commander** became famous for aggressive cavalry tactics?
Prince Rupert ## Footnote His energy was valuable, though his style could also create problems.
77
# True or False: The Royalists enjoyed overwhelming financial superiority throughout the First Civil War.
False ## Footnote Parliament generally had better access to taxation, trade and naval resources.
78
What was one major **strength** of Parliament in the First Civil War?
Greater resources ## Footnote Parliament controlled London, much of taxation and important commercial centres.
79
Why did control of **London** strengthen the Parliamentary cause?
* Gave Parliament vital financial resources. * Provided large trained‑bands militia. * Secured politically hostile capital base. ## Footnote London provided manpower, political influence and crucial financial backing.
80
What was one **weakness** of Parliamentary leadership in the early war years?
Divided command ## Footnote Different commanders and political leaders often disagreed over aims and strategy.
81
# Fill in the blank: Parliament’s war effort was strengthened by control of London and greater financial _\_\_\_\_.
resources ## Footnote This gave it an important long-term advantage over the king.
82
What was the **New Model Army**?
A reorganised Parliamentary army ## Footnote Created in 1645, it aimed to be more professional, disciplined and effective.
83
Why was the New Model Army important?
* Created disciplined, professional national force. * Secured decisive victories for Parliament. * Promoted merit over social rank. ## Footnote Its discipline and central organisation helped Parliament win decisive victories.
84
Which **ordinance** helped create a more professional Parliamentary command structure?
Self-Denying Ordinance ## Footnote It forced many MPs to resign military commands, reducing divided leadership.
85
# True or False: The Self-Denying Ordinance was intended to strengthen the king’s military leadership.
False ## Footnote It was a Parliamentary measure to improve its own war effort.
86
What was the **Solemn League and Covenant**?
Alliance with the Scots ## Footnote Parliament agreed to religious concessions in return for Scottish military aid.
87
Why was the **Solemn League and Covenant** significant?
* Brought Scottish army to Parliament. * Created powerful Anglo‑Scottish alliance. * Pushed England toward Presbyterian reform. ## Footnote Scottish intervention strengthened Parliament against the king.
88
What kind of **radicalism** became more visible in London during the war?
Popular radicalism ## Footnote Crowds, petitioning and print culture increased political pressure from below.
89
Why did London become a centre of radicalism during the Civil War?
Print and politics flourished there. ## Footnote The capital encouraged debate, mobilisation and the spread of new ideas.
90
What role did **pamphlets** play during the 1640s?
Spread propaganda and ideas ## Footnote Cheap print helped circulate arguments, news and radical demands.
91
# True or False: Pamphlets and propaganda had little influence on political debate during the Civil War.
False ## Footnote Print culture greatly widened political and religious discussion.
92
What kind of radicalism developed within the New Model Army?
Religious radicalism ## Footnote Soldiers became exposed to independent preaching and more radical beliefs.
93
Why did the New Model Army become politically important as well as military?
It developed collective views. ## Footnote Soldiers and officers began to intervene in political and religious debates.
94
# Fill in the blank: Radical ideas spread in part through the New Model Army and through printed _\_\_\_\_.
pamphlets ## Footnote War created new opportunities for political communication.
95
By the end of the First Civil War, what **problem** divided Parliamentary leaders?
Settlement with the king ## Footnote Some wanted compromise, while others distrusted Charles completely.
96
Why was it difficult to reach a settlement with Charles I after 1646?
* Charles refused any real concessions. * Played factions against each other. * Negotiated dishonestly, secretly plotting. * Clung to divine‑right monarchy. * Second Civil War destroyed trust. ## Footnote His behaviour made many doubt that he would keep any agreement.
97
What happened to Charles I in 1646?
He was captured. ## Footnote His defeat ended the first phase of war but not the political crisis.
98
# True or False: The capture of Charles I in 1646 immediately produced a stable peace settlement.
False ## Footnote Deep political and religious divisions remained unresolved.
99
What happened to the New Model Army after 1646 that increased instability?
It became politicised. ## Footnote Soldiers pressed for pay, rights and a voice in the national settlement.
100
Which radical **leader** became closely associated with the Levellers?
John Lilburne ## Footnote He was a leading critic of arbitrary power and defender of popular rights.
101
What did the Levellers mainly want?
Broader political rights ## Footnote They called for legal reform, popular sovereignty and a wider franchise.
102
Which radical religious **group** expected Christ’s imminent rule on earth?
Fifth Monarchists ## Footnote Their beliefs were apocalyptic and intensely godly.
103
Which loosely organised radical **group** gained notoriety for rejecting moral and religious restraint?
Ranters ## Footnote Their reputation alarmed many conservatives, though accounts were often hostile.
104
# True or False: The Levellers were primarily a movement devoted to restoring episcopacy.
False ## Footnote They were associated with political reform and popular liberties.
105
Why did attempts at settlement with Charles I continue to fail between 1646 and 1649?
Divisions were too deep. ## Footnote The king, Parliament and army all disagreed over religion and political power.
106
How did Charles I contribute to the breakdown of settlement attempts?
He played opponents against each other. ## Footnote He hoped divisions among his enemies would restore his position.
107
# Fill in the blank: Charles I worsened the crisis by exploiting divisions within the opposition rather than accepting a lasting _\_\_\_\_.
settlement ## Footnote This deepened mistrust of his intentions.
108
What was the **Second Civil War**?
Renewed conflict in 1648 ## Footnote Royalist risings and Scottish intervention reopened the war.
109
Why did the Second Civil War harden attitudes against Charles I?
He seemed responsible for renewed bloodshed. ## Footnote Many concluded that peace was impossible while he lived.
110
Why did the Parliamentary-army side win the Second Civil War?
Better military organisation. ## Footnote The New Model Army remained more disciplined and effective than its opponents.
111
# True or False: The Second Civil War convinced most army leaders that Charles I could safely be trusted.
False ## Footnote It persuaded many that he was the source of continuing conflict.
112
What central political **problem** arose after the Second Civil War?
What to do with the king. ## Footnote Parliament and army were divided over whether Charles should be restored, limited or punished.
113
Why was Charles I put on **trial**?
He was blamed for war against his people. ## Footnote The trial rested on the claim that the king had broken trust and caused bloodshed.
114
# Fill in the blank: The trial of Charles I reflected the belief that even a king could be held _\_\_\_\_ for his actions.
accountable ## Footnote This was a radical break with older assumptions about monarchy.
115
What happened to Charles I in January 1649?
He was executed. ## Footnote His execution marked the collapse of the old political order.
116
# True or False: The execution of Charles I in 1649 restored broad national unity.
False ## Footnote It deepened division and opened a new period of experiment and instability.
117
What was the **Third Civil War**?
Royalist attempt to restore Charles II. ## Footnote It involved efforts to revive the royal cause after the king’s execution.
118
Which royal **heir** was forced into exile after defeat in the Third Civil War?
Prince Charles ## Footnote The future Charles II fled after the failure of Royalist resistance.
119
# Fill in the blank: The defeat of Royalism in the Third Civil War forced Prince Charles into _\_\_\_\_.
exile ## Footnote This left England without a functioning monarchy.
120
Why did the Levellers ultimately fail as a political force?
They lacked sustained power. ## Footnote Army leaders suppressed them when their demands threatened authority and order.
121
Why did the Diggers fail?
Too radical and unsupported. ## Footnote Their communal ideas attracted hostility and little effective protection.
122
# True or False: The Diggers successfully transformed English landholding after 1649.
False ## Footnote Their experiment was short-lived and quickly suppressed.
123
What was meant by the idea of a ‘**Godly Society**’?
Rule based on moral reform ## Footnote Many reformers wanted a more disciplined and visibly Christian commonwealth.
124
Which radical **sect** became notable for inward spirituality and rejection of formal hierarchy?
Quakers ## Footnote They emerged in the 1650s as a significant and troubling movement to authorities.
125
Which Protestant **group** emphasised believer’s baptism and congregational independence?
Baptists ## Footnote They were one of several sects that expanded in the 1640s and 1650s.
126
# Fill in the blank: Quakers, Baptists and other radical _\_\_\_\_ expanded during the years without monarchy.
sects ## Footnote Religious liberty remained limited, but diversity increased.
127
What was the **Rump Parliament**?
Parliament after Pride’s Purge ## Footnote It governed after the exclusion of members opposed to trying the king.
128
Why can the Rump Parliament be described as an experiment in radical republicanism?
It ruled without a king or Lords. ## Footnote It attempted government based on a reduced parliamentary authority.
129
# True or False: The Rump Parliament restored the old constitution exactly as it had existed before 1642.
False ## Footnote It governed in unprecedented conditions after monarchy and the Lords had been removed.
130
What was the **Parliament of the Saints**?
Nominated Assembly of 1653 ## Footnote Also called Barebone’s Parliament, it reflected hopes for godly reform.
131
Why did the Parliament of the Saints fail?
* Radicals pushed unrealistic radical reforms. * Moderates feared social and legal chaos. * Cromwell lost confidence in assembly. ## Footnote Its members disagreed over how radical reform should be.
132
# Fill in the blank: The Parliament of the Saints is also known as _\_\_\_\_’s Parliament.
Barebone ## Footnote It was an unusual attempt to create a godly governing body.
133
What kind of **ruler** was Oliver Cromwell under the Protectorate?
Lord Protector ## Footnote He governed as head of state without taking the title of king.
134
What aspect of Cromwell’s **personality** shaped his government strongly?
Pragmatic godliness ## Footnote He mixed sincere Protestant conviction with practical concern for order.
135
Why did Cromwell refuse the Crown?
It was politically divisive. ## Footnote He feared kingship would alienate supporters and betray the revolution.
136
# True or False: Cromwell eagerly accepted the Crown when it was offered to him.
False ## Footnote He refused it, despite pressure from some supporters.
137
What was one **limit** of religious toleration under Cromwell?
Toleration did not extend equally to all, especially not to Catholics in full.
138
Who were the **Major Generals**?
Regional military governors ## Footnote They helped enforce order and moral reform during the Protectorate.
139
# Fill in the blank: The rule of the _\_\_\_\_ Generals showed the military character of parts of Cromwell’s regime.
Major ## Footnote Their authority was controversial and often unpopular.
140
What succession **problem** weakened the Protectorate?
No strong successor to Cromwell ## Footnote The regime depended too heavily on his personal authority.
141
Why did the Protectorate become unstable after Cromwell’s death?
Political vacuum emerged. ## Footnote No settlement commanded enough legitimacy or loyalty to endure.
142
# True or False: Cromwell’s death strengthened the long-term stability of the republican regime.
False ## Footnote His death exposed how fragile the system really was.
143
Which **king** was restored to the throne in 1660?
Charles II ## Footnote His return ended the republican experiment and restored monarchy.
144
Why was the monarchy restored in 1660?
No stable alternative existed. ## Footnote Many elites preferred monarchy to continued military or constitutional uncertainty.
145
# Fill in the blank: Negotiations in 1660 brought back the monarchy under Charles _\_\_\_\_.
II ## Footnote The Restoration aimed to end years of instability and division.
146
What was one major **legacy** of the English Revolution by 1660?
Monarchy had been challenged. ## Footnote The events showed that kingship, Church and government could be radically overturned.
147
# True or False: By 1660 the events since 1642 had left no lasting political or religious legacy.
False ## Footnote The period changed attitudes to monarchy, Parliament, religion and political authority.
A-Level History (OCR)
flashcards
Decks in class (30)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions