1
Q
What political crisis in October to November 1918 helped bring down the Kaiserreich?
A
Naval mutiny
The Kiel mutiny triggered wider revolution and exposed the collapse of imperial authority.
2
Q
Which German Emperor abdicated in November 1918?
A
Kaiser Wilhelm II
His abdication marked the end of the German monarchy and cleared the way for a republic.
3
Q
Which politician proclaimed the German Republic in November 1918?
A
Philipp Scheidemann
He acted before a more radical socialist republic could be declared by the far left.
4
Q
Which party was the main moderate socialist force at the birth of Weimar?
A
SPD
The Social Democratic Party played the leading role in establishing the new republic.
5
Q
Fill in the blank:
The constitution of the new German republic was drawn up at _____
A
Weimar
Berlin was too unstable, so the National Assembly met in Weimar.
6
Q
What was the elected parliament of the Weimar Republic called?
A
Reichstag
It was chosen by proportional representation.
7
Q
Which office held important emergency powers under Article 48?
A
President
The President could rule by decree in times of crisis.
8
Q
What voting system was used for Reichstag elections in Weimar Germany?
A
Proportional representation
It was democratic but often produced fragmented parliaments and unstable coalitions.
9
Q
Give one strength of the Weimar Constitution.
A
Universal suffrage
It gave the vote to all adult men and women aged 20 and over.
10
Q
Give one weakness of the Weimar Constitution.
A
Article 48
Emergency powers could be abused and undermined parliamentary democracy.
11
Q
True or False:
The Weimar Constitution created a system with no democratic features.
A
False
It was highly democratic in many respects, despite important structural weaknesses.
12
Q
What term is used for the belief that Germany had not really been defeated militarily in 1918?
A
Stab-in-the-back myth
Nationalists used it to blame civilians, socialists and Jews for defeat.
13
Q
What did many Germans expect from the peace settlement in 1919?
A
Fair treatment
Instead, many were shocked by the harshness of the terms imposed.
14
Q
Which treaty formally ended the war between Germany and the Allies in 1919?
A
Treaty of Versailles
It was deeply unpopular in Germany and became a source of lasting resentment.
15
Q
What clause of the Treaty of Versailles placed blame for the war on Germany?
A
War guilt clause
Article 231 was especially offensive to German opinion.
16
Q
What were reparations?
A
Compensation payments
Germany was required to pay for damage caused by the war.
17
Q
What happened to Germany’s armed forces under the peace settlement?
A
They were reduced
The army was limited and conscription was banned.
18
Q
What happened to Germany’s territory under the Treaty of Versailles?
A
Territorial losses
Germany lost land in Europe and all of its overseas colonies.
19
Q
True or False:
Most Germans welcomed the Treaty of Versailles as a fair compromise.
A
False
It was widely condemned as a dictated peace and a national humiliation.
20
Q
What was one major post-war problem facing the German economy after 1918?
A
Heavy debt
War costs, reparations and disruption left Germany in a weak economic position.
21
Q
What happened to prices in Germany in the early post-war years before 1923?
A
Inflation rose
The government increasingly relied on printing money to meet its obligations.
22
Q
What is hyperinflation?
A
Runaway inflation
Money rapidly lost value, making savings and wages almost worthless.
23
Q
Fill in the blank:
The worst German hyperinflation crisis occurred in _____
A
1923
By late 1923 prices were rising at an extreme and chaotic rate.
24
Q
Why did France and Belgium invade the Ruhr in 1923?
A
Reparations default
Germany had fallen behind on deliveries and payments required under Versailles.
25
What policy did the **German government** adopt in response to the **Ruhr invasion**?
Passive resistance
## Footnote
Workers were told not to cooperate with the occupiers, worsening the economic crisis.
26
How did **passive resistance** affect the **German economy** in **1923**?
Worsened hyperinflation
## Footnote
The government printed more money to support striking workers and businesses.
27
Which **social group** was hit especially hard by **hyperinflation** because it relied on **savings**?
Middle class
## Footnote
Many saw lifetime savings wiped out, breeding bitterness towards the republic.
28
What happened to **workers' wages** during **hyperinflation**?
Lagged behind prices
## Footnote
Even when wages rose, they often failed to keep pace with the collapse in money value.
29
Give one **social effect** of **hyperinflation**.
Loss of savings
## Footnote
It destabilised daily life and damaged faith in democratic government.
30
What was the **Kapp Putsch**?
Right-wing coup attempt
## Footnote
In 1920, Wolfgang Kapp and his supporters tried to overthrow the republic in Berlin.
31
Why did the **Kapp Putsch** ultimately fail?
General strike
## Footnote
Workers shut down transport and services, paralysing the putschists.
32
Which side of **politics** also launched uprisings against **Weimar** in its early years?
left-wing
## Footnote
Communist and other revolutionary movements challenged the republic as well.
33
# True or False:
Early threats to **Weimar** came only from the **political right**.
False
## Footnote
The republic was attacked by extremists from both left and right.
34
Which failed **Nazi uprising** took place in **Bavaria** in **1923**?
Munich Putsch
## Footnote
Hitler tried to seize power in imitation of Mussolini's March on Rome.
35
What was one political result of the **Munich Putsch** for **Hitler**?
National publicity
## Footnote
The trial turned him into a nationally known figure despite the putsch's failure.
36
Why were **coalition governments** common in **Weimar Germany**?
Fragmented parties
## Footnote
Proportional representation made it hard for one party to secure a majority.
37
What was the state of the **Weimar Republic** by **1924**?
More stable but fragile
## Footnote
The worst crisis had eased, but many enemies of democracy remained.
38
Which **politician** became most closely associated with **Weimar recovery** after **1923**?
Stresemann
## Footnote
He played a key role in stabilising Germany at home and abroad.
39
What **plan** in **1924** reorganised German **reparations** and brought in **US loans**?
Dawes Plan
## Footnote
It eased short-term pressure and helped economic recovery.
40
How did the **Dawes Plan** help **Germany**?
American loans
## Footnote
Foreign capital supported investment, recovery and reparations payments.
41
What was one **weakness** of **Germany's recovery** after **1924**?
Dependence on US loans
## Footnote
This made the economy vulnerable to shocks from abroad.
42
How did **German industry** perform during the mid-**1920s**?
Partial recovery
## Footnote
Some sectors revived strongly, though structural weaknesses remained.
43
How did **agriculture** fare in the so-called **Golden Age**?
Struggled
## Footnote
Many farmers faced debt, low prices and continuing hardship.
44
Which **plan** of **1929** further revised **reparations**?
Young Plan
## Footnote
It reduced and spread out payments but remained controversial in Germany.
45
What happened to **social welfare** in the mid-**1920s**?
It expanded
## Footnote
The republic developed welfare provision and improved support in some areas.
46
What term is often used for the **cultural flowering** of **Germany** in the mid-**1920s**?
Weimar culture
## Footnote
It became associated with experimentation, modernism and urban creativity.
47
Which **artistic school** is strongly associated with **Weimar architecture and design**?
Bauhaus
## Footnote
It promoted modernist principles of function, simplicity and innovation.
48
What was one characteristic of **Weimar art and culture**?
Experimentation
## Footnote
Artists and writers often challenged traditional values and forms.
49
Which **medium** became especially important in **Weimar cultural life**?
Film
## Footnote
German cinema flourished and gained international significance.
50
What happened to **living standards** for many **Germans** in the mid-**1920s**?
They improved
## Footnote
Recovery was real for many urban Germans, though uneven and insecure.
51
Who was elected **President of Germany** in **1925**?
Hindenburg
## Footnote
Though a conservative nationalist, he formally upheld the republic for much of the period.
52
How did many **elites** view the **Weimar Republic**?
With suspicion
## Footnote
Landowners, army leaders and conservative officials often lacked full commitment to democracy.
53
# True or False:
By **1928** extremist parties had completely disappeared from **German politics**.
False
## Footnote
The Nazis and Communists remained present, though relatively weak for a time.
54
How politically **stable** was **Germany** between **1924** and **1928**?
Relatively stable
## Footnote
Compared with the early years, there was less violence and more workable government.
55
What was **Stresemann's** main **foreign policy aim**?
Revise Versailles peacefully
## Footnote
He wanted Germany restored as a respected great power without war.
56
What were the **Locarno Treaties of 1925** associated with?
Reconciliation in the West
## Footnote
Germany accepted western frontiers and gained improved relations with France and Britain.
57
When did **Germany** join the **League of Nations**?
1926
## Footnote
Membership marked greater international acceptance of the republic.
58
Which **treaty** of **1926** improved German relations with the **Soviet Union**?
Treaty of Berlin
## Footnote
It maintained friendly ties with the USSR alongside Stresemann's western diplomacy.
59
What happened to **Allied occupation** in **Germany** during the later **1920s**?
It was reduced
## Footnote
Stresemann's diplomacy helped secure the end of some occupation controls.
60
What did **Stresemann** seek in relation to **armaments**?
Disarmament revision
## Footnote
He wanted Germany treated more equally and restrictions softened.
61
# Fill in the blank:
Germany's period of relative prosperity from **1924 to 1928** is often called the _\_\_\_\_ Age
Golden
## Footnote
The phrase reflects recovery, but the stability of the period was limited.
62
What **event from abroad** triggered the collapse of **Weimar stability** after **1928**?
Wall Street Crash
## Footnote
The global Depression exposed Germany's reliance on foreign borrowing.
63
What was the main **economic effect** of the **Depression** in **Germany**?
Mass unemployment
## Footnote
Factory closures and shrinking trade caused severe hardship.
64
How did the **Depression** affect **German politics**?
It boosted extremism
## Footnote
Economic misery weakened faith in moderate parties and parliamentary democracy.
65
What happened to **coalition government** during the **Depression**?
It broke down
## Footnote
Governments increasingly struggled to command Reichstag majorities.
66
Which **extremist party** on the right gained rapidly after **1929**?
Nazis
## Footnote
They combined nationalism, anti-Marxism and propaganda to broaden support.
67
Which **extremist party** on the left also gained support during the **Depression**?
Communists
## Footnote
The KPD appealed especially to some unemployed and disillusioned workers.
68
What was one major reason for the appeal of **Nazism**?
Promise of national revival
## Footnote
The Nazis offered strong leadership, jobs and a rejection of Versailles.
69
What was one major reason for the appeal of **Communism**?
Anger at capitalism
## Footnote
Economic collapse made revolutionary alternatives more attractive to some voters.
70
How did the **Nazis** use **propaganda**?
To widen appeal
## Footnote
Posters, rallies, speeches and modern campaigning helped them reach many groups.
71
Which elderly **President** played a decisive part in **Hitler's rise to power**?
Hindenburg
## Footnote
He appointed chancellors and eventually made Hitler chancellor in January 1933.
72
Which **conservative politician** served as chancellor before **Schleicher** and helped intrigue around **Hitler's appointment**?
Papen
## Footnote
He believed Hitler could be controlled within a conservative-led government.
73
Which **general** briefly became chancellor just before **Hitler**?
Schleicher
## Footnote
His failure to build support opened the way for Papen's deal with Hitler.
74
What phrase describes the **elite manoeuvring** that led to **Hitler** becoming chancellor?
Backstairs intrigue
## Footnote
Conservative politicians hoped to use Hitler for their own ends.
75
On what date was **Hitler** appointed chancellor?
30 January 1933
## Footnote
He came to office through appointment, not by winning an outright majority.
76
# True or False:
**Hitler** became chancellor because the **Nazis** had already won more than half the vote.
False
## Footnote
The Nazis were the largest party, but they never gained an overall majority in free elections.
77
What **event** in **February 1933** was used to justify emergency measures against opponents?
Reichstag Fire
## Footnote
The Nazis blamed communists and used the crisis to crush civil liberties.
78
How did the **Reichstag Fire** help the **Nazis**?
Emergency decree
## Footnote
It allowed arrests, censorship and the suspension of key freedoms.
79
Which **law** of **March 1933** gave **Hitler** the power to make laws without the **Reichstag**?
Enabling Act
## Footnote
It effectively destroyed parliamentary democracy in Germany.
80
# Fill in the blank:
The law that ended democracy in **March 1933** was the _\_\_\_\_ Act
Enabling
## Footnote
It transferred legislative power from parliament to Hitler's government.
81
What was the state of **Germany** by **March 1933**?
Democracy destroyed
## Footnote
Opposition had been intimidated and legal dictatorship had been established.
82
Which **law** in **March 1933** allowed **Hitler** to make laws without the **Reichstag**?
Enabling Act
## Footnote
It destroyed parliamentary democracy and gave Hitler the legal basis for dictatorship.
83
What happened to **Germany's political system** between **March 1933** and **1934**?
One-party state
## Footnote
Other parties were banned or dissolved, leaving the Nazis in sole control.
84
What was **Gleichschaltung**?
Coordination
## Footnote
It meant bringing institutions and society into line with Nazi control.
85
# Fill in the blank:
The Nazi process of bringing **Germany** into line was called _\_\_\_\_
Gleichschaltung
## Footnote
It affected government, regions, culture, trade unions and voluntary bodies.
86
What happened to the **German federal states** under **Nazi rule**?
Centralised control
## Footnote
Regional independence was reduced as the regime strengthened rule from Berlin.
87
Which **organisation** replaced free **trade unions** in **1933**?
German Labour Front
## Footnote
The DAF controlled workers after independent unions were destroyed.
88
What happened on the **Night of the Long Knives** in **June 1934**?
Purge of rivals
## Footnote
Hitler ordered killings to remove threats within the Nazi movement and beyond.
89
Which **Nazi organisation** was the main target of the **Night of the Long Knives**?
SA
## Footnote
Its leadership, especially Röhm, was cut down to reassure the army and conservatives.
90
Why was the **Night of the Long Knives** important for **Hitler**?
Secured army support
## Footnote
It removed opponents and increased the loyalty of key elites.
91
What was the effect of **President Hindenburg's death** in **August 1934**?
Hitler became Führer
## Footnote
Hitler merged the offices of chancellor and president.
92
# True or False:
**Hindenburg's death** weakened **Hitler's authority** in **Germany**.
False
## Footnote
It allowed Hitler to combine offices and strengthen his personal rule.
93
Which **organisation** became central to **Nazi terror** and racial policy?
SS
## Footnote
Under Himmler, it grew into a powerful state within a state.
94
What was the **Gestapo**?
Secret police
## Footnote
It investigated opponents and relied heavily on surveillance and denunciations.
95
What role did the **courts** often play in the **Nazi state**?
Enforced dictatorship
## Footnote
Judges frequently upheld Nazi priorities rather than independent justice.
96
Give one reason why **opposition** to the **Nazis** was limited.
Repression
## Footnote
Fear of arrest, job loss and violence discouraged open resistance.
97
What is meant by **non-conformity** in **Nazi Germany**?
Refusal to fit in
## Footnote
It included behaviour and attitudes that did not match Nazi expectations.
98
What was the main aim of **Nazi propaganda**?
Shape opinion
## Footnote
It sought to win support, spread ideology and glorify Hitler.
99
Which **Nazi minister** was chiefly responsible for **propaganda**?
Goebbels
## Footnote
He controlled radio, press, film and public spectacle.
100
# Fill in the blank:
**Hitler's propaganda minister** was Joseph _\_\_\_\_
Goebbels
## Footnote
He helped make propaganda a constant feature of everyday life.
101
Give one important method used by **Nazi propaganda**.
Radio
## Footnote
Cheap radios helped the regime spread its message into homes.
102
To what extent was **Nazi Germany** totalitarian?
Extensive but incomplete
## Footnote
The regime aimed for total control, but some limits and private spaces remained.
103
Which **economist** helped early **Nazi recovery** through public works and financial devices?
Schacht
## Footnote
He played a major role in reducing unemployment in the mid-1930s.
104
What was one main aim of **Nazi economic policy** after **1933**?
Reduce unemployment
## Footnote
The regime wanted recovery, stability and support.
105
Which leading **Nazi** became responsible for the **Four Year Plan** in **1936**?
Goering
## Footnote
He was tasked with preparing Germany for war.
106
What was the purpose of the **Four Year Plan**?
Prepare for war
## Footnote
It pushed rearmament and greater economic self-sufficiency.
107
How did **industrial elites** generally respond to **Nazi rule**?
Cautious cooperation
## Footnote
Many benefited from contracts and stability, even if not all were ideological Nazis.
108
# True or False:
**Nazi economic recovery** completely solved every economic weakness before **1939**.
False
## Footnote
Rearmament helped growth, but shortages and inefficiencies remained.
109
What was the **Hitler Youth**?
Youth organisation
## Footnote
It aimed to indoctrinate boys with Nazi values, discipline and loyalty.
110
What was the **League of German Girls**?
Girls' organisation
## Footnote
It trained girls for roles linked to motherhood, fitness and service.
111
What did **Nazi policy** encourage **women** to prioritise?
Motherhood
## Footnote
The regime praised women mainly as wives and mothers within the racial state.
112
How did **Nazi policy** affect **workers**?
Mixed impact
## Footnote
Unemployment fell, but independent unions and bargaining rights disappeared.
113
What was **Strength Through Joy**?
Leisure programme
## Footnote
It offered organised holidays and activities to encourage loyalty.
114
How did the **Nazis** deal with the **churches**?
Pressure and compromise
## Footnote
They tried to control religion, though church influence could not be removed entirely.
115
What does **Volksgemeinschaft** mean?
People's community
## Footnote
It was the Nazi idea of a racially unified national community.
116
# True or False:
**Volksgemeinschaft** included all people living in **Germany** equally.
False
## Footnote
It excluded those the Nazis saw as racial or social outsiders.
117
What was one benefit of **Nazi rule** for some **Germans** in the **1930s**?
Lower unemployment
## Footnote
Economic recovery and national pride won support from many citizens.
118
What was one drawback of **Nazi rule** for ordinary **Germans**?
Loss of freedom
## Footnote
Political opposition, free speech and civil liberties were heavily restricted.
119
What was at the core of **Nazi racial ideology**?
Racial hierarchy
## Footnote
Nazis believed in Aryan superiority and the inferiority of other groups.
120
Which **group** was targeted by **Nazi policy** as mentally or physically 'unfit'?
Mentally ill
## Footnote
The regime pursued sterilisation and later murder under eugenic ideas.
121
Which **social label** did the **Nazis** use for people they saw as outsiders or undesirables?
Asocials
## Footnote
This category was vague and used to persecute many marginal groups.
122
How did the **Nazis** treat **homosexual men**?
Persecution
## Footnote
They were criminalised, arrested and often sent to camps.
123
Which travelling **ethnic minority** was targeted by **Nazi racial policy** alongside the **Jews**?
Roma and Sinti
## Footnote
They faced discrimination, persecution and mass murder.
124
What happened in the **boycott of Jewish shops** in **April 1933**?
Anti-Jewish protest
## Footnote
SA activists intimidated customers and marked Jewish businesses.
125
What were the **Nuremberg Laws**?
Racial laws
## Footnote
They removed Jewish citizenship and banned marriage with non-Jews.
126
# Fill in the blank:
The anti-Jewish racial laws of **1935** were the _\_\_\_\_ Laws
Nuremberg
## Footnote
They made exclusion of Jews a formal legal principle of the state.
127
How did **Nazi anti-Semitic policy** change between **1933** and **1939**?
Became more radical
## Footnote
Discrimination deepened from boycott and exclusion to violence and forced emigration.
128
Why did the **Anschluss** matter for **anti-Semitic policy**?
Widened persecution
## Footnote
It brought Austrian Jews under Nazi control and intensified brutality.
129
What was **Reichkristallnacht**?
Anti-Jewish pogrom
## Footnote
In November 1938 synagogues, homes and businesses were attacked across the Reich.
130
# True or False:
**Reichkristallnacht** was a spontaneous and unorganised riot with no regime involvement.
False
## Footnote
It was encouraged and directed by the Nazi regime.
131
What was one effect of **Nazi persecution** on **Jewish emigration** before the war?
Increased departures
## Footnote
Many Jews tried to leave, though barriers abroad limited escape.
132
How did the conquest of **Poland** affect **Nazi anti-Jewish policy**?
More Jews under rule
## Footnote
German occupation greatly expanded the number of Jews under Nazi control.
133
What were **Einsatzgruppen**?
Mobile killing units
## Footnote
They followed the army and murdered Jews and others in occupied territories.
134
What were **ghettos** in **Nazi-occupied eastern Europe**?
Segregated districts
## Footnote
Jews were forced into overcrowded, controlled urban areas.
135
What happened to many **Jews** before the **death camps** became central?
Deportation and confinement
## Footnote
Nazi policy moved from exclusion to concentration, forced movement and mass murder.
136
What was one aim of wartime **rationing** and **propaganda** in **Germany**?
Maintain morale
## Footnote
The regime tried to sustain support despite hardship and losses.
137
How did **war** affect **German women**?
Greater demands
## Footnote
Women faced bombing, shortages and increasing pressure to support the war effort.
138
How did **war** affect **German youth**?
More mobilisation
## Footnote
Young people faced tighter control, military preparation and later direct involvement.
139
What change did **total war** bring to **workers' lives**?
Harsher conditions
## Footnote
Longer hours, stricter discipline and shortages became more common.
140
Which **Nazi minister** reorganised the **war economy** from **1942**?
Speer
## Footnote
He improved coordination and increased armaments production.
141
What was one effect of **Allied bombing** on **Germany**?
Urban destruction
## Footnote
Bombing damaged industry, transport, housing and morale.
142
How did the **Nazis** respond to wartime **labour shortages**?
Forced labour
## Footnote
Millions of foreign workers and prisoners were used in the war economy.
143
# Fill in the blank:
From **1942**, the wartime economy was reorganised by Albert _\_\_\_\_
Speer
## Footnote
His methods increased production despite bombing and shortages.
144
What term did the **Nazis** use for peoples they regarded as racially inferior in the **East**?
Untermenschen
## Footnote
The label helped justify brutal occupation and mass killing.
145
What was the **Wannsee Conference**?
Coordination meeting
## Footnote
In January 1942 officials discussed organising the Final Solution.
146
What was the **Final Solution**?
Systematic extermination
## Footnote
It was the Nazi plan for the mass murder of the Jews of Europe.
147
# True or False:
The **Final Solution** meant only further emigration of **Jews** from **Europe**.
False
## Footnote
It meant organised, industrialised mass murder.
148
Which **student resistance group** became famous for anti-Nazi leaflets?
White Rose
## Footnote
Its members, including Hans and Sophie Scholl, were executed.
149
Which type of **churchmen** became known for criticising aspects of **Nazi rule**?
Clergy
## Footnote
Some church figures protested against persecution and moral abuses.
150
Which group within the **German elite** produced the **July Bomb Plot**?
Army officers
## Footnote
Conservative and military opponents tried to kill Hitler in 1944.
151
What was the **July Bomb Plot**?
Failed assassination attempt
## Footnote
On 20 July 1944 conspirators tried to kill Hitler and seize power.
152
What was one result of the **July Bomb Plot**?
Savage reprisals
## Footnote
Thousands were arrested, executed or implicated after the failure.
153
What was the overall state of **Nazi Germany** by **1945**?
Collapsing dictatorship
## Footnote
Military defeat, bombing, repression and genocide defined the regime's final phase.
A-Level History (OCR)
flashcards
Decks in class (30)
# Cards
-
The Crusades and the Expansion of Christendom102
-
Spain: Monarchy, Exploration and Empire94
-
Tudor England: Authority, Religion and Society92
-
Stuart Britain: Monarchy, Conflict and Change74
-
Russia: Autocracy and Reform73
-
Industrial Britain: Economy, Society and Reform111
-
Modern Britain: Transformation and Decline113
-
Russia: Revolution and Communist Rule119
-
The British Empire: Expansion and Decline108
-
The USA: Emergence as a Global Power116
-
Germany: Unification, Conflict and Reunification110
-
Medieval England: Royal Authority and Conflict136
-
Late Medieval England: Dynastic Conflict118
-
The European Reformation153
-
The English Reformation and Religious Conflict318
-
The English Civil War and Interregnum147
-
France under Louis XIV145
-
The American Revolution and Early Republic129
-
The French Revolution and Napoleon161
-
The American Civil War and Reconstruction137
-
International Relations and the Origins of War100
-
Fascist Italy140
-
Britain: War and Welfare State157
-
Russia: Revolution and Stalinism183
-
Germany: Democracy and Nazism153
-
Modern China: Revolution and Reform150
-
The USA: Society and Change135
-
The Cold War147
-
Modern Britain since 1950150
-
The End of Communism and the Soviet Union156
