1
Q
Which Republican president promised a “return to normalcy” after the First World War?
A
Warren G. Harding
Harding appealed to voters tired of war and reform politics in 1920.
2
Q
Which scandal involving illegal leasing of naval oil reserves damaged Harding’s administration?
A
Teapot Dome scandal
It became one of the most famous corruption scandals of the era.
3
Q
Which president continued the conservative, pro-business policies of the 1920s after Harding?
A
Calvin Coolidge
Coolidge favoured limited government and low taxation.
4
Q
True or False:
The Republican governments of the 1920s generally supported strong federal regulation of business.
A
False
They typically supported laissez-faire policies and business growth.
5
Q
Which president was in office when the Wall Street Crash occurred in 1929?
A
Herbert Hoover
Hoover struggled to respond effectively to the growing economic crisis.
6
Q
Name three causes of the October 1929 Wall Street Crash.
A
- Excessive stock market speculation
- Easy credit fueling bubbles
- Rising interest rates shock
It triggered the most severe economic downturn in US history.
7
Q
What was the name of the severe economic crisis that followed the 1929 crash?
A
Great Depression
It led to mass unemployment, business failures and widespread poverty.
8
Q
What economic weakness made the US economy vulnerable before 1929?
A
Overproduction
Industry and agriculture produced more goods than consumers could afford to buy.
9
Q
What problem in the banking system worsened the economic crisis after 1929?
A
Bank failures
Thousands of banks collapsed, wiping out savings and restricting credit.
10
Q
True or False:
Hoover believed the federal government should directly provide large-scale welfare payments.
A
False
Hoover preferred voluntary cooperation and limited federal intervention.
11
Q
Which programme built large-scale public works such as dams to create jobs during the Hoover administration?
A
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
It provided loans to banks, businesses and state governments.
12
Q
Which president launched the New Deal to combat the Depression?
A
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Roosevelt won the 1932 election promising bold action.
13
Q
What general aim united most New Deal programmes?
A
Relief, recovery and reform
These goals addressed immediate hardship, economic recovery and long-term stability.
14
Q
Which New Deal agency created jobs through environmental projects like planting trees?
A
Civilian Conservation Corps
The CCC mainly employed young men in conservation work.
15
Q
Which New Deal programme built public buildings, roads and infrastructure to reduce unemployment?
A
Works Progress Administration
The WPA became one of the largest job-creation programmes of the New Deal.
16
Q
Which New Deal law introduced pensions for the elderly and unemployment insurance?
A
Social Security Act
Passed in 1935, it created the foundation of the US welfare system.
17
Q
Fill in the blank:
The New Deal banking reform that insured bank deposits was the _____ Act of 1933.
A
Glass-Steagall
It helped restore confidence in the banking system.
18
Q
True or False:
All Americans supported Roosevelt’s New Deal policies.
A
False
Critics came from both conservatives and radicals who thought reforms went too far or not far enough.
19
Q
What was the name given to Roosevelt’s attempt to add more justices to the Supreme Court in 1937?
A
Court-packing plan
Critics argued it threatened the independence of the judiciary.
20
Q
What role did the Second World War play in US economic recovery?
A
It massively increased industrial production.
War demand created jobs and ended mass unemployment.
21
Q
What term describes the cultural atmosphere of the 1920s characterised by music, nightlife and changing social values?
A
Jazz Age
Jazz music and urban entertainment symbolised cultural change.
22
Q
Which amendment banned the manufacture and sale of alcohol in the United States?
A
Eighteenth Amendment
It introduced Prohibition in 1920.
23
Q
Why did Prohibition largely fail?
A
It encouraged organised crime and illegal alcohol trade.
Enforcement proved difficult and corruption spread.
24
Q
Fill in the blank:
The amendment that repealed Prohibition in 1933 was the _____ Amendment.
A
Twenty-first
It ended the national ban on alcohol.
25
What change occurred in the **role of women during the 1920s** symbolised by the **“flapper”**?
Greater social independence
## Footnote
Flappers challenged traditional expectations of behaviour and appearance.
26
Which **amendment** granted **women the right to vote** in 1920?
Nineteenth Amendment
## Footnote
It marked a major political achievement of the women’s suffrage movement.
27
What **social impact** did the **Great Depression** have on American families?
Increased poverty and unemployment
## Footnote
Many families lost homes and relied on charity or government aid.
28
What was the **“Dust Bowl”**?
Severe drought and dust storms in the Great Plains.
## Footnote
Environmental disaster forced many farmers to migrate west.
29
# True or False:
**Rural Americans** generally welcomed the **cultural changes of the 1920s**.
False
## Footnote
Many rural communities viewed urban cultural change with suspicion.
30
Which **secretive organisation promoting white supremacy** revived strongly in the 1920s?
Ku Klux Klan
## Footnote
It targeted African-Americans, immigrants, Catholics and Jews.
31
What **migration** saw many **African-Americans** move from the rural South to northern cities?
Great Migration
## Footnote
People sought jobs and escape from segregation and violence.
32
What was a key feature of **US foreign policy** in the 1920s?
Isolationism
## Footnote
Many Americans opposed involvement in European conflicts.
33
Which **international agreement of 1928** attempted to **outlaw war** as a tool of national policy?
Kellogg–Briand Pact
## Footnote
It had little practical enforcement.
34
Which **event in 1941** finally brought the **United States** fully into the Second World War?
Attack on Pearl Harbor
## Footnote
Japan’s surprise attack led to US entry into the war.
35
Which **US president** oversaw the **wartime mobilisation** of the American economy?
Franklin D. Roosevelt
## Footnote
The US became the “arsenal of democracy.”
36
Which **president** succeeded Roosevelt and faced the **challenges of post-war reconstruction**?
Harry S. Truman
## Footnote
Truman took office in 1945 at the end of the war.
37
What **policy** aimed to **contain the spread of communism** after the Second World War?
Containment
## Footnote
It shaped US foreign policy throughout the Cold War.
38
Which **programme** provided **economic aid to rebuild Western Europe** after 1947?
Marshall Plan
## Footnote
It strengthened allies and limited communist influence.
39
Name three terms of the Marshall Plan.
* Massive U.S. financial aid
* European economic cooperation required
* Trade barriers reduced/removed
40
# True or False:
The **Cold War** was primarily a **military conflict** fought directly between the USA and USSR.
False
## Footnote
It was mainly a political and ideological rivalry with proxy conflicts.
41
Which **president** promoted **moderate domestic policies and a strong anti-communist foreign policy** in the 1950s?
Dwight D. Eisenhower
## Footnote
His presidency coincided with prosperity and Cold War tension.
42
What term describes the **rapid growth** in consumption of household goods after 1945?
Consumer society
## Footnote
Rising incomes encouraged spending on cars, appliances and homes.
43
What development symbolised **post-war suburban growth** in the United States?
Suburbanisation
## Footnote
Many families moved to new housing developments outside cities.
44
Which **senator** led **anti-communist investigations** that created a climate of fear in the early 1950s?
Joseph McCarthy
## Footnote
His accusations often lacked evidence but gained public attention.
45
# Fill in the blank:
The period of **intense anti-communist suspicion in the early Cold War** is known as **_\_\_\_\_**.
McCarthyism
## Footnote
Many people were investigated or blacklisted.
46
Which **movement** sought to **end racial segregation and discrimination** in the 1950s and 1960s?
Civil Rights Movement
## Footnote
Activists used protests, legal challenges and political pressure.
47
Which **Supreme Court case** declared **school segregation unconstitutional** in 1954?
Brown v. Board of Education
## Footnote
It overturned the doctrine of “separate but equal” in public schools.
48
Which **president** launched the **New Frontier programme** of reform in the early 1960s?
John F. Kennedy
## Footnote
It aimed to address poverty, civil rights and economic growth.
49
Which **president** expanded social reform programmes aimed at **reducing poverty and inequality**?
Lyndon B. Johnson
## Footnote
His policies became known as the Great Society.
50
What were the **Great Society programmes** designed to do?
Reduce poverty and expand social welfare
## Footnote
They included healthcare, education and civil rights reforms.
51
Which war in Southeast Asia became the **most controversial US conflict of the Cold War**?
Vietnam War
## Footnote
It triggered widespread protest in the United States.
52
What impact did the **Vietnam War** have on **social unity within the United States**?
It deeply divided public opinion and fuelled protest movements.
53
What **cultural movement of the 1960s** challenged **traditional values** and promoted peace and freedom?
Counterculture
## Footnote
Youth culture questioned authority, war and social conventions.
54
Which **president’s administration** ended amid the **Watergate scandal in 1974**?
Richard Nixon
## Footnote
The scandal severely damaged trust in government.
55
By **1975**, what position did the **United States occupy in global politics**?
Superpower
## Footnote
It remained one of the dominant economic, military and political forces in the world.
56
What **continued challenge to US society** remained by 1975 despite reforms?
Social and racial divisions
## Footnote
Issues of inequality, gender roles and race relations persisted.
57
Which **global economic crisis beginning in 1929** severely destabilised the **Weimar Republic**?
Great Depression
## Footnote
Economic collapse caused unemployment, poverty and political extremism.
58
Which **German president** increasingly relied on **emergency powers after 1930**?
Paul von Hindenburg
## Footnote
He used presidential decrees when parliamentary government failed.
59
Which **article of the Weimar Constitution** allowed rule by **emergency decree**?
Article 48
## Footnote
It enabled presidents to bypass parliament during crises.
60
Which **political party** gained mass support during the **Depression by promising national revival**?
Nazi Party
## Footnote
Economic misery helped extremist parties attract voters.
61
# Fill in the blank:
Adolf Hitler was appointed **Chancellor of Germany** in _\_\_\_\_.
1933
## Footnote
Conservative elites believed they could control him.
62
Which event occurred in **February 1933**?
Reichstag Fire
## Footnote
The Nazis blamed communists and introduced emergency measures.
63
Name three consequences of the Reichstag Fire.
* Civil liberties immediately suspended
* Mass arrests of opponents (esp. Communists)
* Nazi dictatorship rapidly established via emergency powers & Enabling Act
64
Which **decree** suspended **civil liberties** after the Reichstag Fire?
Reichstag Fire Decree
## Footnote
It allowed arrest of political opponents and censorship.
65
Which **law passed in March 1933** allowed Hitler to rule **without parliament**?
Enabling Act
## Footnote
It effectively created a dictatorship.
66
Rank the significance of the impacts of the Enabling Act.
* Hitler gained dictatorial powers
* Parliamentary democracy effectively abolished (cabinet could rule alone)
* Opposition parties rapidly eliminated (Nazis crushed political rivals)
67
# True or False:
After **1933 Germany** remained a **multi-party democracy**.
False
## Footnote
All political parties except the Nazis were banned.
68
What term describes the process of bringing German institutions under **Nazi control**?
Gleichschaltung
## Footnote
It involved coordinating society with Nazi ideology.
69
Which **title** did Hitler adopt after **Hindenburg’s death** in 1934?
Führer
## Footnote
He merged the roles of president and chancellor.
70
What **oath** did German soldiers swear personally after **1934**?
Oath of loyalty to Hitler
## Footnote
This strengthened Hitler’s personal authority.
71
Which **purge in 1934** eliminated rivals within the **Nazi movement and other opponents**?
Night of the Long Knives
## Footnote
Many SA leaders and political enemies were executed.
72
Name three causes of the Night of the Long Knives.
* SA power threatened army
* Röhm challenged Hitler’s authority
* Hitler needed military support
73
Which **organisation** served as **Hitler’s elite security force** and later ran concentration camps?
SS
## Footnote
Led by Heinrich Himmler, it became central to the Nazi terror system.
74
Which **secret police** organisation hunted **opponents** of the Nazi regime?
Gestapo
## Footnote
It relied on surveillance and denunciations.
75
Which **organisation** ran the **concentration camp system**?
SS
## Footnote
Camps held political prisoners and later victims of racial persecution.
76
What **ideology** emphasised **racial hierarchy** and the superiority of the “Aryan” race?
Nazism
## Footnote
It combined nationalism, racism and authoritarianism.
77
# Fill in the blank:
The Nazi concept of a **unified racial community** was called the _\_\_\_\_.
Volksgemeinschaft
## Footnote
It excluded Jews and other groups defined as outsiders.
78
Which **group** faced **systematic persecution** and eventual **genocide** under Nazi racial policies?
Jews
## Footnote
Anti-Semitic laws and violence escalated during the regime.
79
Which **1935 laws** stripped **German Jews** of citizenship and legal rights?
Nuremberg Laws
## Footnote
They formalised racial discrimination in Nazi Germany.
80
# True or False:
The **Nazi regime** encouraged **artistic and cultural freedom**.
False
## Footnote
Culture was tightly controlled to promote Nazi ideology.
81
Which **propaganda minister** controlled **media and cultural messaging** in Nazi Germany?
Joseph Goebbels
## Footnote
Propaganda promoted loyalty to Hitler and Nazi ideals.
82
Which **economic policy programme** aimed to **reduce unemployment** through public works and rearmament?
Rearmament
## Footnote
Military expansion helped reduce joblessness.
83
Which **major infrastructure project** symbolised **Nazi employment policies**?
Autobahn construction
## Footnote
Motorway building provided jobs and propaganda value.
84
What **economic goal** aimed to **reduce Germany’s dependence on imports**?
Autarky
## Footnote
The regime sought economic self-sufficiency.
85
Which **organisation** replaced **independent trade unions in Nazi Germany**?
German Labour Front
## Footnote
Workers were organised under state control.
86
What **programme** organised **leisure activities** for workers to promote loyalty to the regime?
Strength Through Joy
## Footnote
It offered holidays, sports and cultural events.
87
# True or False:
All Germans supported the Nazi regime **without resistance**.
False
## Footnote
Some individuals and groups resisted Nazi rule.
88
Which **group of army officers** attempted to **assassinate Hitler** in July 1944?
German resistance officers
## Footnote
The plot aimed to overthrow the Nazi regime.
89
Which **global conflict** ultimately led to the **collapse of Nazi Germany**?
Second World War
## Footnote
Military defeat brought the regime to an end in 1945.
90
Which **conference in 1945** divided **Germany into occupation zones**?
Potsdam Conference
## Footnote
Allied powers agreed on administration after the war.
91
Which **four countries** occupied **Germany after 1945**?
* USA
* USSR
* Britain
* France
## Footnote
Each controlled a zone of occupation.
92
# Fill in the blank:
The **Soviet blockade of West Berlin** occurred in _\_\_\_\_.
1948
## Footnote
It was an attempt to force the Western Allies out of Berlin.
93
How did the Western Allies respond to the **Berlin Blockade**?
Berlin Airlift
## Footnote
Supplies were flown into West Berlin for nearly a year.
94
Which **two German states** were created in **1949**?
* Federal Republic of Germany
* German Democratic Republic
## Footnote
West Germany and East Germany emerged from Cold War division.
95
Who became the **first Chancellor** of West Germany in 1949?
Konrad Adenauer
## Footnote
He helped establish a stable democratic state.
96
What **constitution** established the **political system** of West Germany?
Basic Law
## Footnote
It created a federal democratic system with strong safeguards.
97
# True or False:
The **Basic Law** aimed to prevent the return of **dictatorship**.
True
## Footnote
It included checks and balances to protect democracy.
98
What economic recovery in West Germany during the 1950s became known as the **“economic miracle”**?
Wirtschaftswunder
## Footnote
Rapid growth improved living standards dramatically.
99
What were the consquences of **Wirtschaftswunder**?
* West Germany became a developed nation
* Living standards rose dramatically (swift, dramatic economic improvement)
* Rapid industrial growth achieved
100
Which **economic system** combined **free markets** with social welfare protections?
Social market economy
## Footnote
It became the foundation of West German economic policy.
101
Which **European organisation** did West Germany join in **1957 to promote economic integration**?
European Economic Community
## Footnote
Membership strengthened economic growth and cooperation.
102
Which **protest movement** emerged among **students in West Germany** during the late 1960s?
Student protest movement
## Footnote
Activists criticised authority, capitalism and the Nazi legacy.
103
Which **terrorist group** carried out **attacks in West Germany** during the 1970s?
Baader-Meinhof Gang
## Footnote
Also known as the Red Army Faction.
104
Which **political issue** inspired **protest movements in West Germany** during the 1970s and 1980s?
Environmentalism
## Footnote
Concerns about nuclear power and pollution grew.
105
What **long-term social issue** shaped **West German politics after 1945**?
Legacy of Nazism
## Footnote
Germans struggled with the memory and consequences of the regime.
106
Which **West German chancellor** played the **leading role in achieving German reunification**?
Helmut Kohl
## Footnote
He negotiated the political process leading to unity.
107
# Fill in the blank:
Germany was officially **reunified** in _\_\_\_\_.
1990
## Footnote
East and West Germany became one state again.
108
What major **international change** made **German reunification** possible?
Collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe
## Footnote
Soviet influence weakened dramatically by the late 1980s.
109
What **challenge** faced **Germany** after reunification?
Economic integration of East and West
## Footnote
The former East German economy required major restructuring.
110
By **1991**, what **political system** existed in **unified Germany**?
Federal democratic state
## Footnote
Germany combined democratic institutions with a strong economy.
A-Level History (Edexcel)
flashcards
Decks in class (30)
# Cards
-
The Crusades and the Near East102
-
Spain: Monarchy and Empire94
-
Tudor England: Authority and Religion92
-
Stuart Britain: Conflict and Revolution74
-
Russia: Absolutism and Reform73
-
Industrial Britain: Change and Reform111
-
Modern Britain: Transformation and Society113
-
Russia: Revolution and the Soviet State119
-
The British Empire: Expansion and Decline108
-
The USA: Emergence of a Superpower116
-
Germany: Unification to Reunification110
-
Medieval England: Authority and Conflict136
-
Late Medieval England: Dynastic Conflict118
-
The European Reformation153
-
The English Reformation318
-
The English Civil War147
-
France under Louis XIV145
-
The American Revolution and Early USA129
-
The French Revolution and Napoleon161
-
The American Civil War and Reconstruction137
-
International Relations and the Origins of War100
-
Fascist Italy140
-
Britain: War and Welfare157
-
Russia: Revolution and Stalinism183
-
Germany: Democracy and Nazism153
-
China: Revolution and Reform150
-
The USA: Society and Change135
-
The Cold War147
-
Modern Britain since 1950150
-
The Collapse of Communism156
