1
Q
What was the main weakness of Tsar Nicholas II’s political authority by early 1917?
A
Loss of confidence
Military failure, poor leadership and growing unrest badly weakened respect for the Tsar.
2
Q
What impact did the First World War have on Russia by February/March 1917?
A
War brought huge casualties, supply failures, inflation, and pressure on transport and food supplies.
3
Q
Which social group in Petrograd was especially important in starting the February/March Revolution?
A
Workers
Strikes and demonstrations in the capital helped turn unrest into revolution.
4
Q
Which issue in the cities was a major trigger of unrest in early 1917?
A
Food shortages
Bread queues and rising prices fed anger against the regime.
5
Q
What was the main mood among many Russians towards the Tsar by early 1917?
A
Discontent
The regime faced criticism from workers, peasants, liberals and many in the elite.
6
Q
Fill in the blank:
In February/March 1917, Russia’s problems were made worse by the demands of _____
A
war
The war intensified economic breakdown and political instability.
7
Q
What event began the February/March Revolution in Petrograd?
A
Strikes and protests
Demonstrations over bread shortages and working conditions escalated quickly.
8
Q
Which troops became crucial when the revolution spread in Petrograd?
A
Garrison soldiers
Their refusal to suppress protest and later support for revolt doomed the regime.
9
Q
What happened to Nicholas II in March 1917?
A
Abdication
He gave up the throne, ending Romanov rule.
10
Q
Which new body claimed formal governmental authority after the Tsar’s abdication?
A
Provisional Government
It was formed mainly by members of the Duma and liberal politicians.
11
Q
Which workers’ body emerged as a rival centre of power in Petrograd in 1917?
A
Petrograd Soviet
It claimed to represent workers and soldiers and limited the Provisional Government’s freedom.
12
Q
What term describes the sharing of power between the Provisional Government and Petrograd Soviet?
A
Dual authority
Neither body had complete control, creating instability.
13
Q
True or False:
After the Tsar abdicated, the Provisional Government exercised full and uncontested power.
A
False
Its authority was constantly checked by the Petrograd Soviet and wider unrest.
14
Q
Which Bolshevik leader returned to Russia in April 1917?
A
Lenin
His return transformed Bolshevik strategy and leadership.
15
Q
What document set out Lenin’s radical programme after his return in 1917?
A
April Theses
Lenin rejected support for the Provisional Government and called for all power to the Soviets.
16
Q
Fill in the blank:
Lenin’s April slogan demanded ‘Peace, Land and _____’
A
Bread
The slogan linked war weariness, peasant demands and urban hardship.
17
Q
What did Lenin demand in relation to the Provisional Government in the April Theses?
A
He argued that the government served bourgeois interests and should not be backed.
18
Q
Which month saw an unsuccessful rising by workers and soldiers that embarrassed the Bolsheviks?
A
July
The July Days damaged Bolshevik standing for a time.
19
Q
What were the July Days?
A
Disorder in Petrograd by workers and soldiers was associated with the Bolsheviks.
20
Q
Which general’s attempted move against Petrograd in August 1917 strengthened the Bolsheviks?
A
Kornilov
The affair discredited the Provisional Government and increased Bolshevik influence.
21
Q
How did the Kornilov affair help the Bolsheviks?
A
Boosted support
They appeared as defenders of the revolution and gained arms and prestige.
22
Q
Which key Bolshevik figure organised resistance in Petrograd during the Kornilov affair?
A
Trotsky
His role increased his standing within the party and the Soviet.
23
Q
Which body of Bolshevik leaders debated whether to seize power in autumn 1917?
A
Central Committee
Lenin pressed it to back an armed uprising.
24
Q
True or False:
Lenin always found it easy to persuade Bolshevik leaders to support an immediate seizure of power.
A
False
Some senior Bolsheviks were cautious and doubted the timing.
25
What was the main aim of the **October/November Revolution**?
The **Bolsheviks** aimed to overthrow the **Provisional Government** and rule in the name of the Soviets.
26
Which **city** was the centre of the **October/November Revolution**?
Petrograd
## Footnote
The capital was where the Bolsheviks concentrated their forces.
27
Which **Bolshevik-led body** directed the military side of the **October rising**?
Military Revolutionary Committee
## Footnote
It coordinated Red Guard and garrison action in Petrograd.
28
Which **government building** was famously stormed during the **October/November Revolution**?
Winter Palace
## Footnote
It symbolised the fall of the Provisional Government.
29
Who headed the **Provisional Government** at the time of the **October/November Revolution**?
Kerensky
## Footnote
He failed to rally enough support to save the government.
30
What new **government** did the **Bolsheviks** establish after taking power?
Sovnarkom
## Footnote
The Council of People's Commissars became the Bolshevik government.
31
Which early **Bolshevik decree** called for negotiations to end the war?
Decree on Peace
## Footnote
It reflected popular war weariness and Bolshevik promises.
32
Which early **Bolshevik decree** confirmed peasant seizures of landed estates?
Decree on Land
## Footnote
It helped win support in the countryside, though Bolsheviks had not originally championed peasant land hunger in this form.
33
# Fill in the blank:
The **Bolshevik government** established after October 1917 was called _\_\_\_\_
Sovnarkom
## Footnote
It was dominated by Bolsheviks and ruled by decree.
34
What happened to **Russia's political system** as the **Bolsheviks** consolidated power after 1917?
One-party rule
## Footnote
Opposition parties were sidelined, suppressed or banned.
35
Which elected **assembly** was dispersed by the **Bolsheviks** in January 1918?
Constituent Assembly
## Footnote
Its closure showed the Bolsheviks would not accept democratic outcomes against them.
36
# True or False:
The **Bolsheviks** accepted the authority of the **Constituent Assembly** when it met.
False
## Footnote
They closed it when it failed to produce a Bolshevik majority.
37
Which **treaty** ended Russia's involvement in the **First World War** in 1918?
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
## Footnote
Russia gave up vast territories to secure peace with Germany.
38
Why was **Brest-Litovsk** controversial for the **Bolsheviks**?
Many saw the **territorial concessions** as **humiliating** and damaging.
39
What was the main cause of the **Russian Civil War**?
Bolshevik seizure of power
## Footnote
Opposition groups rejected Bolshevik rule and conflict widened after 1917.
40
What name is given to the **anti-Bolshevik forces** in the **Civil War**?
Whites
## Footnote
They were divided in aims, leadership and geography.
41
Which **Bolshevik leader** was most closely associated with organising the **Red Army**?
Trotsky
## Footnote
He imposed discipline, used former Tsarist officers and travelled to fronts in his armoured train.
42
What happened to the former **Tsar** and his family in 1918?
They were **executed** by the **Bolsheviks** at Ekaterinburg.
43
Give one reason for **Red victory** in the **Civil War**.
White disunity
## Footnote
Other reasons included better leadership, central position, discipline and control of key resources.
44
How did **geography** help the **Reds** in the **Civil War**?
Central position
## Footnote
They controlled key cities and transport links, making coordination easier than for the Whites.
45
What wartime **economic system** did the **Bolsheviks** use during the **Civil War**?
War Communism
## Footnote
It involved grain requisitioning, central control and harsh discipline.
46
What was the main purpose of **war communism**?
Sustain war effort
## Footnote
It aimed to feed the towns and army and keep the Reds fighting.
47
What was **state capitalism** in the early **Bolshevik period**?
Limited mixed control
## Footnote
The state controlled major sectors while some private activity still survived before full war communism.
48
What happened to conditions in many **Russian cities** during the **Civil War**?
Severe hardship
## Footnote
Food shortages, disease, hunger and population decline were common.
49
What was the effect of **war communism** on the **countryside**?
Peasant resentment
## Footnote
Requisitioning provoked anger, hoarding and resistance.
50
What term is used for **Bolshevik repression** of enemies and suspected opponents during the **Civil War**?
Red Terror
## Footnote
The Cheka used arrest, imprisonment and execution to crush opposition.
51
Which **secret police force** carried out much of the **Red Terror**?
Cheka
## Footnote
It became a key tool of Bolshevik coercion.
52
Which major **peasant rising** of 1920–1921 showed rural opposition to **Bolshevik rule**?
Tambov revolt
## Footnote
It was a serious and violent challenge in the countryside.
53
Which 1921 revolt by **sailors** shocked the **Bolsheviks** because it came from former supporters?
Kronstadt rising
## Footnote
Lenin saw it as a warning that policy had to change.
54
# True or False:
The **Kronstadt rising** convinced **Lenin** to intensify **war communism** permanently.
False
## Footnote
It helped persuade him to retreat from war communism and introduce the NEP.
55
What **economic policy** replaced **war communism** in 1921?
NEP
## Footnote
The New Economic Policy restored some market mechanisms to revive the economy.
56
# Fill in the blank:
**NEP** stands for New Economic _\_\_\_\_
Policy
## Footnote
It represented a tactical retreat from the full controls of war communism.
57
What change did the **NEP** make to **peasant grain policy**?
Tax in kind
## Footnote
Peasants no longer faced unlimited requisitioning and could sell surpluses after tax.
58
What was the political impact of the **NEP**?
Stronger Bolshevik rule
## Footnote
Economic relaxation was not matched by political freedom; dictatorship remained.
59
Which **foreign powers** intervened in **Russia** during the **Civil War**?
Allied powers
## Footnote
Britain, France, the USA and Japan were among those involved to varying degrees.
60
Why did **foreign intervention** fail to defeat the **Bolsheviks**?
Limited commitment
## Footnote
The intervention was fragmented, hesitant and unpopular at home.
61
What was **Comintern**?
Communist International
## Footnote
It aimed to spread world revolution under Bolshevik leadership.
62
Which **war** of 1919–1921 ended with **Soviet failure** to spread revolution westwards?
Russo-Polish War
## Footnote
The conflict showed the limits of immediate revolutionary expansion.
63
Which **agreement** improved **Soviet relations** with **Germany**?
Rapallo Treaty
## Footnote
It ended diplomatic isolation and opened economic and military cooperation.
64
What was the significance of the **Zinoviev Letter** in 1924?
Anti-Soviet backlash
## Footnote
Its publication damaged Labour and worsened suspicion of Soviet intentions in Britain.
65
What was **Lenin's style of rule** by 1924?
Party dictatorship
## Footnote
Power was concentrated in the Communist Party, enforced by censorship and coercion.
66
What problem followed **Lenin's death** in 1924?
Power vacuum
## Footnote
No clear successor existed, leading to intense rivalry in the leadership.
67
Which **document** contained **Lenin's** critical comments on leading **Bolsheviks**?
Lenin's Testament
## Footnote
It was potentially damaging to Stalin but was not widely used against him at the time.
68
Which rival of **Stalin** was most associated with the **Red Army** and **October 1917**?
Trotsky
## Footnote
He was brilliant and prominent but politically isolated and often arrogant.
69
Which idea claimed that the **USSR** could build socialism without waiting for revolution abroad?
Socialism in One Country
## Footnote
Stalin used this idea to appeal to party members seeking stability and practicality.
70
Which **debate** divided leaders over whether to continue the **NEP** or push industrial growth faster?
Industrialisation debate
## Footnote
It was closely linked to arguments about class policy and the future of socialism.
71
Which **Bolshevik leader** was most associated with support for the **NEP** in the mid-1920s?
Bukharin
## Footnote
He urged peasants to enrich themselves and backed gradual development for a time.
72
Which two senior **Bolsheviks** first aligned with **Stalin** against **Trotsky**?
Zinoviev and Kamenev
## Footnote
They helped isolate Trotsky but were later outmanoeuvred by Stalin.
73
Which later allies of **Stalin** were linked to the party's more moderate **economic line** before 1928?
Bukharin, Rykov and Tomsky
## Footnote
Stalin later turned against them when he changed course.
74
# True or False:
**Stalin** became leader mainly because he was seen from the start as the most charismatic speaker in the party.
False
## Footnote
His strength lay more in organisation, appointments and tactical alliances than personal brilliance.
75
Which **party office** gave **Stalin** important control over appointments and influence?
General Secretary
## Footnote
He used the post to build patronage and strengthen his base in the party.
76
How did **Stalin** outmanoeuvre his rivals in the 1920s?
He changed **allies** as needed and presented himself as a practical defender of **party unity**.
77
What happened to **Trotsky** by 1929?
Exiled
## Footnote
Stalin had defeated him politically and removed him from the Soviet Union.
78
What term is used for **Stalin's** sharp **policy shift** at the end of the 1920s?
Great Turn
## Footnote
It marked the move away from the NEP towards rapid industrialisation and collectivisation.
79
Why did **Stalin** launch the **Great Turn**?
Economic concerns
## Footnote
Grain shortages, fears about defence and impatience with NEP limits pushed policy change.
80
# Fill in the blank:
**Stalin's** programme for rapid industrial growth began with the first _\_\_\_\_ Plan
Five Year
## Footnote
It prioritised heavy industry and state targets.
81
What was the main priority of the first **Five Year Plan**?
Heavy industry
## Footnote
Coal, steel, iron and machinery were favoured over consumer goods.
82
What was **collectivisation**?
Merging peasant farms
## Footnote
Individual peasant holdings were forced into large collective units under state control.
83
Why did **Stalin** decide to collectivise **agriculture**?
Secure grain supplies
## Footnote
Collectivisation aimed to feed towns, support exports and tighten state control over the countryside.
84
What was the beginning of the **Stalinist cult**?
Leader glorification
## Footnote
Propaganda increasingly presented Stalin as the indispensable guide of the Soviet people.
85
How did **propaganda** help **Stalin** by 1929?
It promoted his **image**, justified **policy**, and marginalised rivals.
86
Which **country** became an important focus of **Soviet foreign policy debate** in the 1920s because of revolution and nationalism?
China
## Footnote
The Soviet leadership argued over how communists should work with nationalist forces there.
87
Which **agreement** reaffirmed **Soviet cooperation** with **Germany**?
Treaty of Berlin
## Footnote
It maintained a useful relationship despite Soviet ideological hostility to capitalist states.
88
How did **Comintern policy** begin to change under **Stalin** in the late 1920s?
Tighter control
## Footnote
It became more closely aligned with Soviet state interests and Stalin's leadership line.
89
What was **collectivisation** in **Stalin's USSR**?
**Small private holdings** were combined into **large collective units** under state direction.
90
What were **state farms** called in the **Soviet countryside**?
Sovkhozy
## Footnote
These were state-owned farms, distinct from collective farms.
91
What were **collective farms** called in the **Soviet countryside**?
Kolkhozy
## Footnote
Peasants worked collectively, though small private plots sometimes remained.
92
Was **collectivisation** initially presented as **voluntary** or compulsory?
Voluntary
## Footnote
In practice, it soon became heavily forced across much of the countryside.
93
Which **group of peasants** were especially targeted as supposed **class enemies** during **collectivisation**?
Kulaks
## Footnote
The regime blamed them for resistance and grain shortages.
94
# Fill in the blank:
**Stalin's** assault on better-off peasants was directed against the _\_\_\_\_
Kulaks
## Footnote
Dekulakisation involved arrest, deportation and destruction of property.
95
What term is used for **Stalin's campaign** against the **kulaks**?
Dekulakisation
## Footnote
It aimed to eliminate them as a class in the countryside.
96
What was one main aim of **collectivisation**?
Secure grain
## Footnote
The state wanted dependable supplies for towns and exports.
97
What was another major aim of **collectivisation** besides **grain supply**?
Control countryside
## Footnote
It tightened Party control over peasants and reduced independent farming.
98
What was the purpose of **mechanisation** in **Soviet agriculture**?
Increase output
## Footnote
Tractors and machinery were meant to modernise farming and raise productivity.
99
Which **centres** supplied machinery such as **tractors** to collective farms?
Machine Tractor Stations
## Footnote
They also helped extend state supervision over the countryside.
100
What was one major effect of **collectivisation** on many **peasants**?
**Resistance**, slaughter of livestock, and upheaval damaged **rural life**.
101
What major **disaster** struck parts of the **USSR** between 1932 and 1934?
Famine
## Footnote
It caused mass death, especially in grain-producing regions.
102
# True or False:
The **famine** of 1932–1934 had little connection to **Stalin's agricultural policies**.
False
## Footnote
Grain requisitioning, coercion and collectivisation played a major role in worsening it.
103
Give one reason why **collectivisation** can be seen as a success for **Stalin**.
It gave the **regime** more **authority over agriculture**, despite huge human cost.
104
Give one reason why **collectivisation** can be seen as a failure.
**Agriculture** remained inefficient and the **countryside** suffered badly.
105
Which **state planning body** set industrial targets in **Stalin's USSR**?
Gosplan
## Footnote
It coordinated economic plans and output goals.
106
What were the **Five Year Plans** designed to achieve?
Rapid industrialisation
## Footnote
They aimed to transform the USSR into a major industrial power.
107
Which **sector** was prioritised most strongly in the first **Five Year Plan**?
Heavy industry
## Footnote
Coal, steel, iron and machinery took priority over consumer goods.
108
Which three **Five Year Plans** were underway before the **German invasion** in 1941?
First three plans
## Footnote
The third was disrupted by the outbreak of war.
109
What was one major feature of new **industrial centres** under **Stalin**?
Planned expansion
## Footnote
Entire regions and cities were developed around major industrial projects.
110
Give one example of a type of flagship **Stalinist industrial project**.
New industrial city
## Footnote
Such projects symbolised modernisation and socialist achievement.
111
Why were some **foreign companies** involved in **Soviet industrial development**?
Technical expertise
## Footnote
The USSR imported skills, machinery and assistance from abroad.
112
What were **working conditions** like for many **Soviet industrial workers** in the 1930s?
Harsh
## Footnote
Long hours, strict discipline and pressure to meet targets were common.
113
What were **living conditions** like in many **Soviet towns** during **industrialisation**?
Overcrowded
## Footnote
Housing shortages and poor amenities often accompanied rapid growth.
114
How did **Stalinist industrialisation** affect many **women** in towns and cities?
More employment
## Footnote
Women entered the workforce in larger numbers, though inequality persisted.
115
Who were the **Stakhanovites**?
Model workers
## Footnote
They were celebrated for supposedly exceptional productivity.
116
What was the purpose of the **Stakhanovite movement**?
Raise effort
## Footnote
It used propaganda and incentives to push workers to exceed targets.
117
# True or False:
The **Five Year Plans** focused mainly on improving **consumer goods** and comfort.
False
## Footnote
Heavy industry and strategic production were prioritised instead.
118
Give one strength of the **Soviet economy** by 1941.
Industrial growth
## Footnote
The USSR had greatly expanded heavy industry and defence capacity.
119
Give one weakness of the **Soviet economy** by 1941.
Poor consumer supply
## Footnote
Living standards and consumer goods remained weak for many people.
120
What term describes the glorification of **Stalin** through **propaganda** and public image?
Cult of personality
## Footnote
Stalin was presented as wise, heroic and indispensable.
121
Which official **artistic style** promoted idealised **Soviet life** under **Stalin**?
Socialist Realism
## Footnote
It required optimistic and politically approved portrayals.
122
# Fill in the blank:
Stalinist art and literature were expected to follow _\_\_\_\_ Realism
Socialist
## Footnote
Art was meant to inspire loyalty and celebrate socialism.
123
How did **literature** and the **arts** contribute to **Stalin's rule**?
Spread propaganda
## Footnote
Cultural production was used to praise Stalin and shape values.
124
What was the main purpose of the **Stalin cult**?
Strengthen authority
## Footnote
It linked loyalty to the regime with loyalty to Stalin personally.
125
What **organisation** became central to **state terror** under **Stalin**?
NKVD
## Footnote
It carried out arrests, surveillance and executions.
126
What does the term **Stalinism** suggest about **Soviet rule** in the 1930s?
Personal dictatorship
## Footnote
It implies rule shaped by central control, terror and ideological conformity.
127
What were the early **purges**?
Removal of opponents
## Footnote
They targeted suspected critics within the Party and state before the Great Terror peaked.
128
Which murder became the trigger for intensified **repression**?
Kirov's murder
## Footnote
Stalin used it as a pretext for broader purges and terror.
129
What were the **show trials**?
Staged prosecutions
## Footnote
Prominent Bolsheviks were publicly accused and convicted in scripted trials.
130
# True or False:
The **show trials** were genuine and open legal proceedings based on clear evidence.
False
## Footnote
Confessions were forced and verdicts were politically arranged.
131
Which **document** appeared to promise **democratic rights** while dictatorship continued in practice?
Stalin Constitution
## Footnote
It presented a façade of legality and popular participation.
132
What does **Yezhovshchina** mean?
Period of mass terror
## Footnote
It refers to the height of repression under Yezhov in the late 1930s.
133
Who was **Yezhov** in **Stalin's system**?
NKVD chief
## Footnote
He oversaw the most intense phase of the Great Terror.
134
What happened to many **ordinary citizens** during the **Yezhovshchina**?
Mass arrests
## Footnote
Repression reached far beyond elites into everyday society.
135
How were **national minorities** often treated during the **Great Terror**?
Harsh repression
## Footnote
Some groups were deported, targeted or accused of disloyalty.
136
What were the **gulags**?
Labour camps
## Footnote
Millions passed through forced labour camps in harsh conditions.
137
# Fill in the blank:
Prisoners sentenced to forced labour were often sent to the _\_\_\_\_
Gulags
## Footnote
These camps were a central feature of Stalinist repression.
138
Why did the **purges** begin to ease by the late 1930s?
Terror became excessive
## Footnote
Administrative disruption, fear and instability made continued mass terror costly.
139
What happened to **Trotsky** in 1940?
Assassinated
## Footnote
He was killed in exile, removing Stalin's best-known surviving rival.
140
Who bore the main responsibility for the **Terror**?
Stalin
## Footnote
Debate exists over detail, but Stalin drove and approved repression.
141
What was one major impact of the **Terror** on the **Soviet Union**?
Climate of fear
## Footnote
It encouraged obedience, silence and distrust across society.
142
How did **Stalin's policies** affect the **church**?
Repression
## Footnote
Religion was restricted, persecuted and pushed back by the atheist state.
143
What was the **Stalinist ideal** of the 'socialist man'?
Loyal collective citizen
## Footnote
He was expected to be disciplined, productive and ideologically committed.
144
How were **young people** shaped by **Stalinist culture**?
Ideological training
## Footnote
Schooling and youth organisations promoted loyalty and conformity.
145
What tension existed between **urban** and **rural life** under **Stalin**?
Uneven change
## Footnote
Cities modernised faster, while the countryside often endured harsher disruption.
146
In what way did **Stalin's USSR** resemble **Lenin's USSR**?
One-party state
## Footnote
Both systems relied on Communist Party rule and political repression.
147
In what way did **Stalin's USSR** differ from **Lenin's USSR**?
Greater terror
## Footnote
Stalin expanded coercion, personal rule and ideological control much further.
148
What happened to **Soviet relations** with **Germany** in the early 1930s?
Some cooperation
## Footnote
Despite ideological hostility, practical links and diplomacy continued.
149
Which **international organisation** did the **USSR** join in 1934?
League of Nations
## Footnote
Entry reflected a temporary search for collective security.
150
Which two **countries** signed pacts with the **USSR** in 1935?
France and Czechoslovakia
## Footnote
These agreements were meant to strengthen resistance to aggression.
151
Why did **Stalin** intervene in the **Spanish Civil War**?
Oppose fascism
## Footnote
Soviet aid also aimed to increase influence on the left in Spain.
152
How did **Stalin** react to **Western appeasement** in the late 1930s?
Deep distrust
## Footnote
He concluded that Britain and France might direct Hitler eastwards.
153
Why was **Japanese aggression** a concern for **Stalin**?
Eastern threat
## Footnote
The USSR feared pressure from both Europe and Asia.
154
Which **agreement** shocked many observers by linking the **USSR** and **Nazi Germany**?
Nazi-Soviet Pact
## Footnote
It bought Stalin time but damaged communist credibility abroad.
155
# True or False:
The **Nazi-Soviet Pact** meant **Stalin** trusted **Hitler** as a lasting ally.
False
## Footnote
Stalin saw it as a temporary arrangement in a dangerous situation.
156
What was one immediate outcome of the **Nazi-Soviet Pact**?
Partition of Poland
## Footnote
Secret terms divided spheres of influence in Eastern Europe.
157
What was **Operation Barbarossa**?
German invasion
## Footnote
It was the massive Nazi attack on the USSR launched in 1941.
158
# Fill in the blank:
The **German invasion** of the **USSR** in 1941 was called Operation _\_\_\_\_
Barbarossa
## Footnote
It opened the Eastern Front on an enormous scale.
159
How did **Stalin** initially react to the **German invasion** in 1941?
Shock and recovery
## Footnote
The regime reeled at first, then mobilised for total war.
160
What name is often given to the **Soviet struggle** against **Nazi Germany**?
Great Patriotic War
## Footnote
The phrase emphasised patriotic defence of the homeland.
161
What happened to many **Soviet civilians** in occupied territory?
Severe suffering
## Footnote
Occupation brought brutality, deportation and mass killings.
162
How did the **Soviet state** respond economically to **invasion**?
Evacuated industry
## Footnote
Factories were moved east to keep production going.
163
Why was **evacuation of industry** so important in the war?
Preserved production
## Footnote
It allowed the USSR to continue making weapons beyond the front.
164
What does **mobilisation** mean in the **Soviet wartime context**?
Total resource use
## Footnote
Labour, industry and society were directed towards victory.
165
What kind of **aid** did the **USSR** receive from allies during the war?
Foreign aid
## Footnote
External supplies helped support transport, food and war materials.
166
Give one reason for the **Soviet defeat** of **Germany**.
Huge mobilisation
## Footnote
Soviet manpower, relocation of industry and resilience were crucial.
167
What was one result of **victory over Germany** for the **USSR**?
Enhanced prestige
## Footnote
The USSR emerged stronger internationally despite enormous losses.
168
What major **task** faced the **USSR** after 1945 at home?
Reconstruction
## Footnote
War damage to cities, farms and industry was immense.
169
What happened to **agriculture** after the war?
Slow recovery
## Footnote
It lagged behind industrial rebuilding and continued to face difficulties.
170
What does **High Stalinism** refer to?
Intensified dictatorship
## Footnote
The post-war years saw renewed control, orthodoxy and repression.
171
Who led the **NKVD** during much of the post-war period of renewed **repression**?
Beria
## Footnote
He remained a central figure in Stalin's security apparatus.
172
What was **Zhdanovism**?
Cultural control campaign
## Footnote
It imposed ideological conformity in literature, music and the arts.
173
What was the purpose of the **cultural purge** after the war?
Enforce orthodoxy
## Footnote
Intellectual and artistic life was tightened under Party supervision.
174
How did **Stalin's cult of personality** develop after 1945?
Became stronger
## Footnote
Victory in war further elevated his status as supreme leader.
175
What was the **Leningrad Affair**?
Post-war purge
## Footnote
Leading figures in Leningrad were accused and eliminated.
176
What was the **Doctors' Plot**?
Fabricated conspiracy
## Footnote
Doctors were accused of harming Soviet leaders in a late Stalinist scare.
177
# True or False:
**Repression** ended in the **USSR** after victory in 1945.
False
## Footnote
Terror and persecution continued in renewed forms after the war.
178
What happened to the **USSR's international status** after 1945?
Became a superpower
## Footnote
It emerged as one of the two dominant global powers.
179
What was the **Soviet bloc**?
Allied communist states
## Footnote
Eastern European regimes came under Soviet influence and control.
180
What broad **relationship** developed between the **USSR** and the **USA** after 1945?
Cold War conflict
## Footnote
Ideological rivalry and strategic tension defined post-war relations.
181
What happened in 1953 that ended **Stalin's personal rule**?
Stalin died
## Footnote
His death opened the question of succession and reassessment of his legacy.
182
What was one part of **Stalin's legacy** at home?
Industrial superpower
## Footnote
The USSR was stronger industrially but deeply scarred by repression.
183
What was one part of **Stalin's legacy** abroad?
Expanded Soviet influence
## Footnote
The USSR dominated Eastern Europe and shaped early Cold War politics.
A-Level History (Edexcel)
flashcards
Decks in class (30)
# Cards
-
The Crusades and the Near East102
-
Spain: Monarchy and Empire94
-
Tudor England: Authority and Religion92
-
Stuart Britain: Conflict and Revolution74
-
Russia: Absolutism and Reform73
-
Industrial Britain: Change and Reform111
-
Modern Britain: Transformation and Society113
-
Russia: Revolution and the Soviet State119
-
The British Empire: Expansion and Decline108
-
The USA: Emergence of a Superpower116
-
Germany: Unification to Reunification110
-
Medieval England: Authority and Conflict136
-
Late Medieval England: Dynastic Conflict118
-
The European Reformation153
-
The English Reformation318
-
The English Civil War147
-
France under Louis XIV145
-
The American Revolution and Early USA129
-
The French Revolution and Napoleon161
-
The American Civil War and Reconstruction137
-
International Relations and the Origins of War100
-
Fascist Italy140
-
Britain: War and Welfare157
-
Russia: Revolution and Stalinism183
-
Germany: Democracy and Nazism153
-
China: Revolution and Reform150
-
The USA: Society and Change135
-
The Cold War147
-
Modern Britain since 1950150
-
The Collapse of Communism156
