1
Q
Which president tried to restore the Southern states quickly after the Civil War and repeatedly clashed with Congress over Reconstruction?
A
Andrew Johnson
Johnson favoured lenient restoration and opposed many measures designed to protect freedpeople.
2
Q
What was the main aim of the Radical Republicans during Reconstruction?
A
To remake the South and protect African-American rights.
They wanted stronger federal action, black suffrage and safeguards against ex-Confederate control.
3
Q
Which constitutional amendment abolished slavery in the United States?
A
Thirteenth Amendment
Ratified in 1865, it formally ended slavery across the USA.
4
Q
Which amendment granted citizenship to those born or naturalised in the United States?
A
Fourteenth Amendment
It also aimed to guarantee equal protection under the law.
5
Q
Which amendment tried to protect African-American male voting rights?
A
Fifteenth Amendment
It barred denial of the vote on grounds of race, colour or previous servitude.
6
Q
Fill in the blank:
The organisation created to help former slaves with food, education and legal support was the _____.
A
Freedmen’s Bureau
It was one of the most important federal agencies of Reconstruction.
7
Q
What were Black Codes?
A
Restrictive Southern laws
These laws tried to limit the freedom, labour rights and mobility of African-Americans after emancipation.
8
Q
True or False:
Radical Reconstruction fully transformed Southern society by 1877.
A
False
Federal commitment weakened, white resistance persisted and many gains were rolled back.
9
Q
Which president’s administration became associated with scandals such as Crédit Mobilier and the Whiskey Ring?
A
Ulysses S. Grant
Grant personally had integrity, but his presidency was damaged by corruption among associates.
10
Q
Why did Reconstruction largely fail by 1877?
A
Federal withdrawal and white Southern resistance
Violence, Northern fatigue and political compromise helped end federal enforcement in the South.
11
Q
Which agreement helped settle the disputed election of 1876 and effectively ended Reconstruction?
A
Compromise of 1877
In practice it led to the removal of federal troops from the South.
12
Q
What was the Ku Klux Klan created to do during Reconstruction?
A
Restore white supremacy by terror
It used violence and intimidation against African-Americans and Republican supporters.
13
Q
Why was the federal government often seen as weak in the Gilded Age?
A
Weak presidents and limited intervention
Congress was often more powerful, while patronage and sectional politics shaped government.
14
Q
What was the spoils system?
A
Rewarding supporters with jobs
Patronage appointments often encouraged inefficiency and corruption in government.
15
Q
Fill in the blank:
The 1883 law that began merit-based recruitment into the federal civil service was the _____ Act.
A
Pendleton
It reduced reliance on patronage after President Garfield’s assassination.
16
Q
Which issue sharply divided American politics in the late nineteenth century and centred on tax rates on imports?
A
Tariff policy
Republicans usually backed high tariffs, while Democrats often wanted lower ones.
17
Q
What was the significance of Tammany Hall in Gilded Age politics?
A
It symbolised urban machine politics
It gained votes through patronage and services but became notorious for corruption.
18
Q
Which phrase describes the period of rapid growth, corruption and weak leadership in late nineteenth-century US politics?
A
Gilded Age
The term suggests a glittering surface hiding serious social and political problems.
19
Q
What was the main economic significance of the railways after 1865?
A
They integrated a national market.
Railroads linked regions, encouraged settlement and stimulated steel, coal and finance.
20
Q
Which industry became closely associated with John D. Rockefeller?
A
Oil
Rockefeller built Standard Oil into a dominant corporation through consolidation and control.
21
Q
Which business leader is most associated with the expansion of the steel industry?
A
Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie Steel became a major symbol of industrial capitalism and vertical integration.
22
Q
What does the term for a company or group dominating a market through consolidation mean?
A
Monopoly
Critics argued monopolies crushed competition and increased political influence.
23
Q
What was vertical integration?
A
Control of all stages of production
Firms used it to reduce costs and increase efficiency and market power.
24
Q
What was horizontal integration?
A
Buying out competitors in one industry.
This allowed firms to dominate markets and reduce competition.
25
How did **urbanisation** change the **United States in the late nineteenth century**?
Cities grew rapidly
## Footnote
Industrial jobs and immigration expanded urban populations and strained housing and services.
26
Which **farming region** became central to **wheat and cattle production after westward expansion**?
Great Plains
## Footnote
Railways, mechanisation and settlement transformed Plains agriculture.
27
What was one major consequence of **laissez-faire ideas** in the **late nineteenth century**?
Limited regulation of big business
## Footnote
Government generally interfered little in the economy, helping corporations expand.
28
# True or False:
**Laissez-faire policies** usually led the federal government to **regulate trusts aggressively before 1900**.
False
## Footnote
Before the Progressive Era, enforcement was weak and business influence remained strong.
29
What did the **1890 census** famously suggest had **disappeared**?
The frontier line
## Footnote
This helped fuel concern about social change and ideas about overseas expansion.
30
Which **1867 purchase from Russia** added a **vast northern territory** to the United States?
Alaska
## Footnote
Initially mocked by some critics, it later proved strategically and economically important.
31
Which **long-standing policy** warned **European powers** against further intervention in the Americas?
Monroe Doctrine
## Footnote
It remained a key element of US foreign policy thinking in the period.
32
What issue caused periodic tension between the **United States and Britain** in relation to **Canada**?
Boundary and fishing disputes
## Footnote
Relations improved overall, but disagreements still appeared in North American affairs.
33
Which **movement** drew support mainly from **farmers angry about railways, banks and falling prices**?
Populism
## Footnote
It grew strongly in the West and South during the 1890s.
34
Which **party** represented many of the ideas of the **Populist movement in the 1890s**?
People’s Party
## Footnote
It called for reforms such as regulation of railroads and monetary change.
35
# Fill in the blank:
William Jennings Bryan became famous for his **“Cross of \_\_\_\_\_” speech**.
Gold
## Footnote
The speech attacked the gold standard and championed silver coinage.
36
What **monetary policy** did Bryan and many **Populists support to expand the money supply**?
Free silver
## Footnote
Supporters believed it would help debtors and farmers by causing inflation.
37
What was the main purpose of the **Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890**?
To curb trusts and monopolies.
## Footnote
Early enforcement was limited, but it became more important later.
38
Which **president** became known as a **trust-buster** and advocate of the **Square Deal**?
Theodore Roosevelt
## Footnote
He supported stronger federal action against some abuses of big business.
39
What was **Roosevelt’s Square Deal** designed to promote?
Fairness for workers, consumers and business
## Footnote
It included trust regulation, consumer protection and conservation.
40
Which **president** followed Roosevelt and pursued **cases against trusts while also backing tariff reform**?
William Howard Taft
## Footnote
He brought more antitrust suits than Roosevelt but split the Republican Party.
41
# True or False:
**Taft’s presidency** strengthened **unity** inside the Republican Party.
False
## Footnote
Disputes over tariffs and reform deepened the split between conservatives and progressives.
42
What was **Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom** mainly concerned with?
Breaking up concentrated economic power
## Footnote
It stressed tariff reform, banking reform and stronger competition.
43
Which **1913 law** created a **new central banking system** for the United States?
Federal Reserve Act
## Footnote
It restructured banking and aimed to provide greater financial stability.
44
Which amendment introduced a **federal income tax**?
Sixteenth Amendment
## Footnote
This gave the federal government a more reliable source of revenue.
45
Which amendment provided for the **direct election of senators**?
Seventeenth Amendment
## Footnote
It was a Progressive reform aimed at reducing corruption and increasing democracy.
46
What was one major consequence of **mass immigration between 1890 and 1920**?
Rapid growth of urban ethnic communities
## Footnote
New arrivals reshaped city life but also faced nativism and poor living conditions.
47
Which system of **racial segregation** became entrenched in the **South after Reconstruction**?
Jim Crow
## Footnote
These laws and customs enforced separation and inequality.
48
Which **1896 Supreme Court case** upheld racial segregation under **“separate but equal”**?
Plessy v. Ferguson
## Footnote
The decision gave legal support to segregation for decades.
49
Which **African-American leader** argued for **vocational education** and accommodation with segregation in the short term?
Booker T. Washington
## Footnote
He stressed economic self-help, though critics thought he conceded too much.
50
Which **African-American thinker** helped found the **NAACP** and demanded **full civil rights**?
W. E. B. Du Bois
## Footnote
He opposed accommodation and pressed for political and educational equality.
51
Which **war in 1898** marked a major turning point in **US overseas expansion**?
Spanish-American War
## Footnote
Victory brought control or influence in places such as Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines.
52
# Fill in the blank:
After defeating Spain, the United States faced a bitter conflict in the _\_\_\_\_.
Philippines
## Footnote
Filipino resistance challenged US claims that its rule was benevolent.
53
Why was the **Panama Canal** important to the **United States**?
It linked the Atlantic and Pacific
## Footnote
The canal strengthened US trade, naval mobility and strategic influence.
54
Which **foreign policy idea** claimed the **United States had a duty to police instability** in Latin America?
Roosevelt Corollary
## Footnote
It expanded the Monroe Doctrine in practice and justified intervention.
55
# True or False:
The United States entered the **First World War** immediately when fighting began in 1914.
False
## Footnote
Wilson initially declared neutrality and kept the USA out of the war for nearly three years.
56
What was the **immediate trigger** for US entry into the **First World War in 1917**?
German unrestricted submarine warfare
## Footnote
The Zimmermann Telegram also helped turn opinion against Germany.
57
Which **intercepted message** proposed a **German-Mexican alliance against the United States**?
Zimmermann Telegram
## Footnote
Its publication increased support for war in the USA.
58
What was one major result of the **First World War for the United States by 1920**?
Greater economic power
## Footnote
The war strengthened US industry, finance and international influence.
59
Which **reaction** grew strongly in the **United States by 1920 after war and reform**?
Renewed isolationism
## Footnote
Many Americans wanted less foreign involvement and a return to “normalcy”.
60
What **social tension** intensified in **1919–20** because of fear of radicalism and revolution?
Red Scare
## Footnote
Strikes, bombings and the Russian Revolution fuelled anti-radical fears.
61
# True or False:
By **1920**, social and ethnic divisions in the **United States** had largely disappeared.
False
## Footnote
Racial conflict, labour unrest, nativism and regional tensions remained powerful.
62
Which **Republican president** promised a **“return to normalcy”** after the First World War?
Warren G. Harding
## Footnote
Harding appealed to voters tired of war and reform politics in 1920.
63
Which **scandal** involving illegal leasing of naval oil reserves damaged **Harding’s administration**?
Teapot Dome scandal
## Footnote
It became one of the most famous corruption scandals of the era.
64
Which **president** continued the **conservative, pro-business policies of the 1920s** after Harding?
Calvin Coolidge
## Footnote
Coolidge favoured limited government and low taxation.
65
# True or False:
The **Republican governments of the 1920s** generally supported **strong federal regulation of business**.
False
## Footnote
They typically supported laissez-faire policies and business growth.
66
Which **president** was in office when the **Wall Street Crash occurred in 1929**?
Herbert Hoover
## Footnote
Hoover struggled to respond effectively to the growing economic crisis.
67
# Fill in the blank:
The collapse of **stock prices in October 1929** is known as the **Wall Street _\_\_\_\_**.
Crash
## Footnote
It triggered the most severe economic downturn in US history.
68
What was the name of the **severe economic crisis** that followed the 1929 crash?
Great Depression
## Footnote
It led to mass unemployment, business failures and widespread poverty.
69
What **economic weakness** made the **US economy vulnerable before 1929**?
Overproduction
## Footnote
Industry and agriculture produced more goods than consumers could afford to buy.
70
What problem in the **banking system** worsened the **economic crisis after 1929**?
Bank failures
## Footnote
Thousands of banks collapsed, wiping out savings and restricting credit.
71
# True or False:
**Hoover** believed the **federal government** should directly provide **large-scale welfare payments**.
False
## Footnote
Hoover preferred voluntary cooperation and limited federal intervention.
72
Which **programme** built **large-scale public works such as dams** to create jobs during the Hoover administration?
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
## Footnote
It provided loans to banks, businesses and state governments.
73
Which **president** launched the **New Deal** to combat the Depression?
Franklin D. Roosevelt
## Footnote
Roosevelt won the 1932 election promising bold action.
74
What general aim united most **New Deal programmes**?
Relief, recovery and reform
## Footnote
These goals addressed immediate hardship, economic recovery and long-term stability.
75
Which **New Deal agency** created jobs through **environmental projects like planting trees**?
Civilian Conservation Corps
## Footnote
The CCC mainly employed young men in conservation work.
76
Which **New Deal programme** built **public buildings, roads and infrastructure** to reduce unemployment?
Works Progress Administration
## Footnote
The WPA became one of the largest job-creation programmes of the New Deal.
77
Which **New Deal law** introduced **pensions for the elderly and unemployment insurance**?
Social Security Act
## Footnote
Passed in 1935, it created the foundation of the US welfare system.
78
# Fill in the blank:
The **New Deal banking reform** that insured **bank deposits** was the **_\_\_\_\_ Act of 1933**.
Glass-Steagall
## Footnote
It helped restore confidence in the banking system.
79
# True or False:
All Americans supported **Roosevelt’s New Deal policies**.
False
## Footnote
Critics came from both conservatives and radicals who thought reforms went too far or not far enough.
80
What was the name given to Roosevelt’s attempt to **add more justices to the Supreme Court in 1937**?
Court-packing plan
## Footnote
Critics argued it threatened the independence of the judiciary.
81
What role did the **Second World War** play in **US economic recovery**?
It massively increased industrial production
## Footnote
War demand created jobs and ended mass unemployment.
82
What term describes the **cultural atmosphere of the 1920s** characterised by **music, nightlife and changing social values**?
Jazz Age
## Footnote
Jazz music and urban entertainment symbolised cultural change.
83
Which **amendment** banned the **manufacture and sale of alcohol** in the United States?
Eighteenth Amendment
## Footnote
It introduced Prohibition in 1920.
84
Why did **Prohibition** largely fail?
It encouraged organised crime and illegal alcohol trade.
## Footnote
Enforcement proved difficult and corruption spread.
85
# Fill in the blank:
The amendment that **repealed Prohibition in 1933** was the **_\_\_\_\_ Amendment**.
Twenty-first
## Footnote
It ended the national ban on alcohol.
86
What change occurred in the **role of women during the 1920s** symbolised by the **“flapper”**?
Greater social independence
## Footnote
Flappers challenged traditional expectations of behaviour and appearance.
87
Which **amendment** granted **women the right to vote in 1920**?
Nineteenth Amendment
## Footnote
It marked a major political achievement of the women’s suffrage movement.
88
What **social impact** did the **Great Depression** have on American families?
Increased poverty and unemployment
## Footnote
Many families lost homes and relied on charity or government aid.
89
What was the **“Dust Bowl”**?
Severe drought and dust storms in the Great Plains
## Footnote
Environmental disaster forced many farmers to migrate west.
90
# True or False:
**Rural Americans** generally welcomed the **cultural changes of the 1920s**.
False
## Footnote
Many rural communities viewed urban cultural change with suspicion.
91
Which **secretive organisation promoting white supremacy** revived strongly in the 1920s?
Ku Klux Klan
## Footnote
It targeted African-Americans, immigrants, Catholics and Jews.
92
What **migration** saw many African-Americans move from the **rural South to northern cities**?
Great Migration
## Footnote
People sought jobs and escape from segregation and violence.
93
What was a key feature of **US foreign policy in the 1920s**?
Isolationism
## Footnote
Many Americans opposed involvement in European conflicts.
94
Which **international agreement of 1928** attempted to **outlaw war as a tool of national policy**?
Kellogg–Briand Pact
## Footnote
It had little practical enforcement.
95
Which **event in 1941** finally brought the **United States fully into the Second World War**?
Attack on Pearl Harbor
## Footnote
Japan’s surprise attack led to US entry into the war.
96
Which **US president** oversaw the **wartime mobilisation of the American economy**?
Franklin D. Roosevelt
## Footnote
The US became the “arsenal of democracy.”
97
Which **president** succeeded Roosevelt and faced the **challenges of post-war reconstruction**?
Harry S. Truman
## Footnote
Truman took office in 1945 at the end of the war.
98
What **policy** aimed to **contain the spread of communism** after the Second World War?
Containment
## Footnote
It shaped US foreign policy throughout the Cold War.
99
Which **programme** provided **economic aid to rebuild Western Europe** after 1947?
Marshall Plan
## Footnote
It strengthened allies and limited communist influence.
100
# True or False:
The **Cold War** was primarily a **military conflict** fought directly between the **USA and USSR**.
False
## Footnote
It was mainly a political and ideological rivalry with proxy conflicts.
101
Which **president** promoted **moderate domestic policies** and a strong **anti-communist foreign policy** in the 1950s?
Dwight D. Eisenhower
## Footnote
His presidency coincided with prosperity and Cold War tension.
102
What term describes the **rapid growth in consumption of household goods** after 1945?
Consumer society
## Footnote
Rising incomes encouraged spending on cars, appliances and homes.
103
What development symbolised **post-war suburban growth in the United States**?
Suburbanisation
## Footnote
Many families moved to new housing developments outside cities.
104
Which **senator** led **anti-communist investigations** that created a climate of fear in the early 1950s?
Joseph McCarthy
## Footnote
His accusations often lacked evidence but gained public attention.
105
# Fill in the blank:
The period of **intense anti-communist suspicion in the early Cold War** is known as **_\_\_\_\_**.
McCarthyism
## Footnote
Many people were investigated or blacklisted.
106
Which **movement** sought to **end racial segregation and discrimination** in the 1950s and 1960s?
Civil Rights Movement
## Footnote
Activists used protests, legal challenges and political pressure.
107
Which **Supreme Court case** declared **school segregation** unconstitutional in 1954?
Brown v. Board of Education
## Footnote
It overturned the doctrine of “separate but equal” in public schools.
108
Which **president** launched the **New Frontier programme** of reform in the early 1960s?
John F. Kennedy
## Footnote
It aimed to address poverty, civil rights and economic growth.
109
Which **president** expanded social reform programmes aimed at **reducing poverty and inequality**?
Lyndon B. Johnson
## Footnote
His policies became known as the Great Society.
110
What were the **Great Society programmes** designed to do?
Reduce poverty and expand social welfare
## Footnote
They included healthcare, education and civil rights reforms.
111
Which **war in Southeast Asia** became the **most controversial US conflict of the Cold War**?
Vietnam War
## Footnote
It triggered widespread protest in the United States.
112
# True or False:
The **Vietnam War** strengthened **social unity within the United States**.
False
## Footnote
It deeply divided public opinion and fuelled protest movements.
113
What **cultural movement of the 1960s** challenged **traditional values and promoted peace and freedom**?
Counterculture
## Footnote
Youth culture questioned authority, war and social conventions.
114
Which **president’s administration** ended amid the **Watergate scandal in 1974**?
Richard Nixon
## Footnote
The scandal severely damaged trust in government.
115
By **1975**, what position did the **United States occupy in global politics**?
Superpower
## Footnote
It remained one of the dominant economic, military and political forces in the world.
116
What **continued challenge to US society** remained by **1975 despite reforms**?
Social and racial divisions
## Footnote
Issues of inequality, gender roles and race relations persisted.
A-Level History (WJEC - Eduqas)
flashcards
Decks in class (30)
# Cards
-
The Crusades and Religious Conflict102
-
Spain: Empire and Golden Age94
-
Tudor England: Politics and Religion92
-
Stuart Britain: Conflict and Revolution74
-
Russia: Absolutism and Reform73
-
Industrial Britain: Change and Reform111
-
Britain: Transformation and Society113
-
Russia: Revolution and Communism119
-
The British Empire: Expansion and Decline108
-
The USA: Emergence of a Superpower116
-
Germany: Political Change and Conflict110
-
Medieval England: Monarchy and Power136
-
Late Medieval England: Dynastic Conflict118
-
The European Reformation153
-
The English Reformation318
-
The English Civil War147
-
France: Absolutism under Louis XIV145
-
The American Revolution129
-
The French Revolution and Napoleon161
-
The American Civil War137
-
International Relations and Conflict100
-
Italy under Fascism140
-
Britain: War and Welfare157
-
Russia: Revolution and Stalinism183
-
Germany: Democracy and Nazism153
-
China: Revolution and Reform150
-
The USA: Society and Change135
-
The Cold War147
-
Modern Britain since 1950150
-
The Collapse of Communism156
