What is the term for the complete set of genes present in a cell or organism?
Genome
Includes all coding and non-coding DNA sequences within a cell.
What term describes the entire range of proteins that a cell is capable of producing?
Proteome
Varies between cell types because different genes are expressed.
Which type of RNA carries a copy of genetic information from DNA to a ribosome?
mRNA
Messenger RNA is complementary to the DNA template strand.
Which RNA molecule carries specific amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?
tRNA
Each tRNA has an anticodon that pairs with a codon on mRNA.
Which enzyme catalyses the joining of RNA nucleotides during the formation of an RNA strand from DNA?
RNA polymerase
The enzyme moves along the DNA template strand during transcription.
What is the process called in which a strand of RNA is produced using a DNA template?
Transcription
Produces RNA that is complementary to the DNA template strand.
What is the name of the RNA molecule initially produced in eukaryotic transcription before processing occurs?
pre-mRNA
This molecule still contains introns that must be removed.
What process removes introns and joins exons to produce a functional RNA transcript in eukaryotic cells?
Splicing
Occurs in the nucleus before the mRNA leaves for translation.
What process produces a polypeptide using the sequence of codons on an mRNA molecule?
Translation
Occurs at ribosomes in the cytoplasm or on rough ER.
What three-base sequence on an mRNA molecule specifies a particular amino acid during protein synthesis?
Codon
The genetic code is read in triplets during translation.
Fill in the blank:
During protein synthesis, energy used to attach amino acids to tRNA molecules is supplied by ______.
ATP
ATP provides energy for amino acid activation before translation.
True or False:
In prokaryotes, the RNA produced during transcription can be used directly for protein synthesis without further processing.
True
Prokaryotes do not produce pre-mRNA or carry out splicing.
True or False:
In eukaryotic cells, introns remain in the final mRNA molecule used in translation.
False
Introns are removed during RNA splicing before translation.
Fill in the blank:
The structure within cells where mRNA is decoded to produce a polypeptide is the ______.
Ribosome
Ribosomes coordinate codon–anticodon pairing and peptide bond formation.
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3.1.1 Monomers & Polymers9
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3.1.2 Carbohydrates22
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3.1.3 Lipids17
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3.1.4 Proteins39
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3.1.5 Nucleic Acids32
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3.1.6 ATP11
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3.1.7 Water11
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3.1.8 Inorganic ions8
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3.2.1 Cell structure52
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3.2.2 Cell division20
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3.2.3 Transport across cell membranes20
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3.2.4 Cell recognition & the immune system36
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3.3.1 Surface area to volume ratio13
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3.3.2 Gas exchange24
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3.3.3 Digestion & absorption16
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3.3.4 Mass transport39
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3.4.1 DNA, genes & chromosomes13
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3.4.2 DNA & protein synthesis14
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3.4.3 Genetic diversity & meiosis14
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3.4.4 Genetic diversity & adaptation20
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3.4.5 Species & taxonomy20
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3.4.6 Biodiversity within a community12
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3.4.7 Investigating diversity12
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3.5.1 Photosynthesis23
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3.5.2 Respiration17
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3.5.3 Energy & ecosystems20
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3.5.4 Nutrient cycles15
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3.6.1 Stimuli & Response62
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3.6.2 Nervous coordination53
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3.6.3 Skeletal muscles14
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3.6.4 Homeostasis57
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3.7.1 Inheritance12
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3.7.2 Populations15
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3.7.3 Evolution may lead to speciation22
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3.7.4 Populations in ecosystems24
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3.8.1 Gene Mutations and Protein Structure14
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3.8.2 Control of Gene Expression44
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3.8.3 Applications of Genome Projects10
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3.8.4 Gene Technologies and Their Applications46
