Large international sequencing projects have determined the complete set of DNA base sequences for many organisms. What is the term for the entire genetic material of an organism?
Genome
The genome includes all coding and non-coding DNA within an organism.
What term describes the complete set of proteins that can be produced by an organism from its genetic information?
Proteome
The proteome depends on gene expression and may vary between tissues and conditions.
Determining the DNA sequence of simple organisms allows scientists to predict the amino acid sequences of proteins. What property of the genetic code makes this possible?
Specificity of triplets
Each triplet of bases specifies a particular amino acid in protein synthesis.
Identifying molecules from pathogens that can stimulate an immune response is useful in vaccine design. What are these molecules called?
Antigens
Antigens trigger an immune response and can be used to stimulate immunity through vaccination.
True or False:
Sequencing the genome of simple organisms often allows scientists to predict most of the proteins they produce.
True
Simpler organisms have less non-coding DNA and fewer regulatory complications.
DNA regions that do not code for proteins are common in complex organisms and make predicting proteins harder. What type of DNA is this?
Non-coding DNA
These regions may have regulatory roles or unknown functions but do not directly code for proteins.
Some genes control whether other genes are switched on or off, affecting protein production. What type of genes are these?
Regulatory genes
They control gene expression and influence when and where proteins are produced.
True or False:
Knowing the full genome sequence of complex organisms automatically reveals the complete proteome.
False
Gene regulation and non-coding DNA make predicting the proteome difficult.
Modern genome sequencing has become faster and cheaper because machines now carry out much of the process. What general technological change has enabled this?
Automation
Automated sequencing technologies process large numbers of DNA samples rapidly.
Fill in the blank:
Genome sequencing projects analyse the order of ______ in DNA.
bases
The sequence of bases (A, T, C, G) determines genetic information.
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3.1.1 Monomers & Polymers9
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3.1.2 Carbohydrates22
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3.1.3 Lipids17
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3.1.4 Proteins39
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3.1.5 Nucleic Acids32
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3.1.6 ATP11
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3.1.7 Water11
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3.1.8 Inorganic ions8
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3.2.1 Cell structure52
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3.2.2 Cell division20
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3.2.3 Transport across cell membranes20
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3.2.4 Cell recognition & the immune system36
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3.3.1 Surface area to volume ratio13
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3.3.2 Gas exchange24
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3.3.3 Digestion & absorption16
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3.3.4 Mass transport39
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3.4.1 DNA, genes & chromosomes13
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3.4.2 DNA & protein synthesis14
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3.4.3 Genetic diversity & meiosis14
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3.4.4 Genetic diversity & adaptation20
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3.4.5 Species & taxonomy20
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3.4.6 Biodiversity within a community12
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3.4.7 Investigating diversity12
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3.5.1 Photosynthesis23
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3.5.2 Respiration17
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3.5.3 Energy & ecosystems20
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3.5.4 Nutrient cycles15
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3.6.1 Stimuli & Response62
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3.6.2 Nervous coordination53
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3.6.3 Skeletal muscles14
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3.6.4 Homeostasis57
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3.7.1 Inheritance12
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3.7.2 Populations15
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3.7.3 Evolution may lead to speciation22
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3.7.4 Populations in ecosystems24
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3.8.1 Gene Mutations and Protein Structure14
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3.8.2 Control of Gene Expression44
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3.8.3 Applications of Genome Projects10
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3.8.4 Gene Technologies and Their Applications46
